MBTC 9204

Roadway Construction & Control Development of a Roadway Construction Control Certification Program

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This was not intended to be training A review on fundamental surveying computations in preparation for the written portion of the certification was considered prudent A manual was developed for reference and review prior to the participants enrollment in the course

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A written exam will be administered to assure basic surveying calculations can be performed by participants Safety issues will be addressed per the AHTD Safety Manual

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The written examination will ensure competence in the computation of:
Azimuths/bearings and distances from coordinate pairs Coordinates from azimuths/bearings and distances between points Horizontal curve elements Vertical curve elements and elevations Proper control staking designations

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A field certification/performance exam will be required to affirm participants capability to locate and properly designate/mark control points required in route surveys

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Participants will be required to:
Locate and evaluate existing AHTD control Locate and properly stake curve elements including PC, PI (if necessary) PT and curve stations Perform slope/grade staking at designated cross section locations to define drainage structures/ditches, cut & fill and pavement elevations Locate drainage structures if required

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Participants will also be required to provide field notes in an acceptable format Data for layout will be supplied from plans constructed in AHTD format

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Classroom review sessions and written examinations will be conducted at the Engineering Research Center (ERC) in CTTP classrooms Field work briefings and requirements will be given at ERC

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Field work will be performed at the University of Arkansas Agricultural Experimental Station Complex on Highway 112 (Across the bypass from AHTD offices)

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Your handout should include a sample set of plans (for review) and a topographical map of the examination site Autocad drawings can be furnished to participants in digital format if desired by AHTD to allow loading of data collectors etc.

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Control points will be pointed out to the participants and coordinates for the control points given Participants will be required to locate curve elements of their assigned curve by computing the azimuth between the initial control points and traversing to locate the PC and PT Curve layout can then be performed from the PC

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Locations of the PC, PT and required stationing as located by participants will be verified by the proctors using GPS Tolerances for error will be established consistent with AHTD requirements

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Slope and grade staking will be required on designated cross sections Proctors will evaluate staking for vertical accuracy using conventional methods Proctors will also ensure that stake markings follow AHTD protocol

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CTTP will supply:
Stakes & Hubs Flagging Paint Job books for field notes Markers for writing on stakes

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Participants must bring the equipment necessary to perform the tasks listed above. As a minimum, participants should bring the following:
Level (Dumpy level, tilting level, automatic level or digital level) Steel tape for distance measurements (cloth tapes or other tools may be acceptable dependant on the level of accuracy required for particular layout procedures) Transit or theodolite for horizontal and vertical angle measurements Scientific calculator with trigonometric functions

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Participants should bring the equipment that they work with routinely. The instruments should be in adjustment and in good working order. The performance portion of the certification program could potentially be failed because of poorly adjusted or inoperable equipment.

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Total stations, data collectors, laptop computers, and coordinate geometry software is allowed, especially if that is what the participants use on a day-to-day basis. CTTP will not train participants in the use of equipment or software. It will be assumed that participants are familiar with and trained on the equipment that they bring.

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Participants must also provide transportation for equipment and personnel Participants must also provide personnel necessary to complete field work portion of the course i.e. rod person(s)

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The course should be able to be completed in 2 to 3 days
Day one: Review of written exam requirements (morning) and distribution of field assignments with an explanation of requirements/criteria for field work (afternoon) Day two: Written exam (morning) and preliminary site visit with distribution of final details. Remainder of the day to compile data, perform calculations, load data collectors etc. Day three: Field exercise/certification

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Questions I have for you

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What topics and performance criteria other than those listed would AHTD like to have included?

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What are pre-requisites and or requirements for participants?

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Qualifications/Requirements for attendance:
Participants should be knowledgeable in construction surveying, surveying calculations and layout procedures including: Coordinate geometry Horizontal and vertical control Differential levels Distance measurement Angle measurement (horizontal and vertical/zenith)

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Qualifications/Requirements for attendance: Knowledge of
Traversing and traverse closure Error analysis Grade calculations Right of way staking Slope staking Grade staking

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Qualifications/Requirements for attendance: Knowledge of
Drainage facility layout Pipe culverts Box culverts Ditches Curb and gutter Horizontal curves Vertical curves Superelevation Cut and fill/earthwork calculations

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Qualifications/Requirements for attendance: An engineering degree, surveying degree nor any particular level of education is required but participants must be able to do the mathematics necessary for surveying calculations. This may include plane geometry, trigonometry, algebra and error analysis/statistics.

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I am planning to furnish basic materials including stakes, field books, some hand tools (hammers etc) and a review manual of sorts (depth of coverage to be determined). What other materials should be furnished and what if anything else should the participants be required to furnish.

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Fee structure?? I will get feedback from CTTP but want input from AHTD How long should the certification be good for? How often should re-certification be required?

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Given that the area surrounding the Agri facility is relatively flat, vertical curve layout and slope and grade staking exercises are somewhat impractical without transporting of participants to an alternate location. This is not desirable from a logistical standpoint. Any suggestions? My thoughts are to use the written examination to evaluate the participants skill in computing vertical curves, grades and possibly associated cut and fill.

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Who are we certifying Crew chief only Surveying party
How should certification be conferred, i.e. given that a surveying crew of at least two persons is required to perform the tasks in the field, should certification at the field level be based on performance of the crew or should each member of the crew have to act as party chief for each exercise in order to become certified? Individuals can be easily tested for competence in surveying calculations, but performance at the field level is much more difficult and time consuming.

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Written Examination Pass/Fail Cutoff
70% = minimum competency for most exams of this type by NCEES standards I feel written exam is a necessary part of the certification course to assure some basic knowledge of surveying calculations and procedures What is your opinion

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What is the policy on using local practitioners to help evaluate performance, given the initial lack of trained surveying personnel at the U of A at this time? Would they need to be certified in advance of classes beginning, etc. I also assume that compensation for and use of proctors is essentially up to CTTP.

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Field examination criteria
Horizontal specifications for location
Limit of error in location Traverse closure ?

Vertical specification/tolerance for elevation Labeling Note format Other criteria

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Other suggestions? Ideas? Critique?

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What follows are excerpts from the review session to be completed on the first day of the course. I will not go into as much detail I normally would in the course but want to show you some of the presentation Note that I do not particularly like Power Point presentations for review or teaching applications. In the classroom I will typically use an overhead projector and the blackboard to present example calculations in conjunction with Power Point. If you choose to conduct the training in house I will furnish a complete set of Power Point slides following the general outline of the manual Questions and comments are welcome at any time

BASIC SURVEYING
THEORY AND PRACTICE

Presented by the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville College of Engineering Bell Engineering Center Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701

Trigonometry

Basic knowledge of trigonometry is assumed. However, reference material is available in Chapter 2 of the manual.

Distance Measuring
Chaining Taping EDM

Angle Measuring
Measuring distances alone in surveying does not establish the location of an object. We need to locate the object in 3 dimensions. To accomplish that we need: 1. Horizontal length (distance)

2. Difference in height (elevation)

3 Angular direction.

Angle Measuring
An angle is defined as the difference in direction between two convergent lines.

A horizontal angle is formed by the directions to two objects in a horizontal plane.

A vertical angle is formed by two intersecting lines in a vertical plane, one of these lines horizontal. A zenith angle is the complementary angle to the vertical angle and is formed by two intersecting lines in a vertical plane, one of these lines directed toward the zenith.

Angle Measuring

Types of Measured Angles

Interior angles are measured clockwise or counterclockwise between two adjacent lines on the inside of a closed polygon figure.

Exterior angles are measured clockwise or counter-

clockwise between two adjacent lines on the outside of a closed polygon figure.

Deflection angles, right or left, are measured from an

extension of the preceding course and the ahead line. It must be noted when the deflection is right (R) or left (L).

Types of Measured Angles

Angles to the right are turned from the back line in a
clockwise or right hand direction to the ahead line.

Angles to the left are turned from the back line in a

Angles are normally measured with a transit or a theodolite, but a compass may be used for reconnaissance work.

counter-clock wise or left hand direction to the ahead line.

Types of Measured Angles

Comparison of Angular and Linear Errors

Measuring Angles with a Repeating Instrument

1. Set zero on the horizontal plate, and lock the upper motion. 2. Release the lower motion, sight the backsight, lock the lower motion, and perfect the sighting with the lower tangent screw. 3. Release the upper motion, turn to the foresight, lock the upper motion, and perfect the sighting. 4. Record the horizontal angle. 5. Release the lower motion, plunge (invert) the scope and point to the backsight in the reverse position, lock the lower motion, and perfect the sighting.

Measuring Angles with a Repeating Instrument

6. Release the upper motion, turn to the foresight, lock the upper motion, and perfect the sighting. 7. Record the double angle. Compute the mean angle. 8. If further accuracy is desired continue this process until 6 angles are accumulated. Divide the result by 6 and compare the result to the mean of the first 2. If they agree within 6 seconds accept the angle. Otherwise redo the set. The expected accuracy of a measurement, as computed, is in direct proportion to the number of observations. However, factors limiting accuracy include eccentricity in instrument centers, errors in the plate graduations, instrument wear, setting up and pointing the instrument, and reading the scale or vernier. A practical limit to the number of repetitions is about 6 or 8, beyond which there is little or no appreciable increase in accuracy.

Measuring Angles with a Repeating Instrument

Measuring Zenith Angles

1. Point the instrument to the target object in a direct position. 2. Lock the vertical motion, perfect the sighting and record the zenith angle. 3. Loosen both the horizontal and vertical motions, plunge the scope, rotate the alidade 180 and repoint to the target in the reverse position. 4. Lock the vertical motion, perfect the pointing and record the zenith angle.

Measuring Zenith Angles

Bearings and Azimuths

Azimuths

Bearings

Bearings

Rectangular Coordinates

Polar Coordinates

Inverse

Area by Coordinates

Types of Traverses
A Geometrically Closed Traverse creates a closed geometrical shape, such as the first two examples in Figure 38 (page 8-2 in the manual). The traverse ends on one of two points, either on the same point from which it began or on the initial backsight. The first two traverses in Figure 38 are geometrically closed.

A Geometrically Open Traverse does not create a closed shape because it ends at some point other than the initially occupied point or the initial backsight. This type of traverse is sometimes expedient for the survey of a strip project such as a pipeline or highway. The third example in Figure 38 is a geometrically open traverse.

Types of Traverses
A Mathematically Open Traverse or simply an Open Traverse begins at a point of known position and ends at a point of previously unknown position. There is no method to verify that the measurements of the angles and distances are free from error. Consequently, this is not a desirable survey method.

A Mathematically Closed Traverse or simply a Closed Traverse begins at a point of known position and ends at a point of known position. Calculations can be made to check for errors. This method is preferred because the numbers can be confirmed. Figure 38 shows three different types of closed traverses.

Types of Traverses

Balancing a Traverse

Transit Rule Crandall Method Compass Rule Least Squares Method

Differential Leveling

Running a Line of Levels

Running a Line of Levels

Closing the Level Loop

Trigonometric Leveling

Cross Section Notes

Cross Section Notes

1. Stationing runs from the bottom of the page to the top. 2. Notes are taken looking ahead on line. 3. Record all topographical features that you encounter: roads, fences, ditches, curbs, striping, etc. 4. Leave plenty of space on the notes for the unexpected. Cross sections can grow and you may need to add a section at a pipe crossing, ditch crossing, road intersection, etc.

Horizontal Curves
The Degree of Curve is defined as the angle subtended by an arc whose length is 100 ft. A Radian is the angle subtended by an arc whose length equals the length of the Radius, or 57 17 44.8 , or 57.295779513. Pi = = 3.1415926 Circumference = 2R Degrees in a circle = 360 Radius of a one degree curve = 5729.5779513 ft. D = Degree of Curve.

R = Radius of the curve.

= Delta, the central angle of the curve. = Alpha, the deflection angle to the point to be set.

Degree of Curve

Horizontal Curves

Horizontal Curves

Horizontal Curves

Horizontal Curves

Deflection Angles

Curve Layout
The following is the procedure to lay out a

curve using a one-minute instrument with a

horizontal circle that reads to the right. The values are the same as those used to demonstrate the solution of a simple curve.

Curve Layout Procedure

Setting PC and PT With the instrument at the PI, the instrumentman sights on the preceding PI and keeps the head tapeman on line while the tangent distance is measured. A stake is set on line and marked to show the PC and its station value. The instrument man now points the instrument on the forward PI, and the tangent distance is measured to set and mark a stake for the PT.

Curve Layout Procedure

Laying Out Curve from PC The procedure for laying out a curve from the PC is described as follows. Note that the procedure varies depending on whether the road curves to the left or to the right.

Curve Layout Procedure

Road Curves to Right. The instrument is set up at the PC with the
horizontal circle at 000' on the PI. (1) The angle to the PT is measured if the PT can be seen. This angle will equal one half of the I angle if the PC and PT are located properly. (2) Without touching the lower motion, the first deflection angle, d1 (0 39'), is set on the horizontal circle. The instrument man keeps the head tape man on line while the first subchord distance, C1 (8.67 feet), is measured from the PC to set and mark station 16+50. (3) The instrument man now sets the second deflection angle, d1 + dstd (232'), on the horizontal circle. The tape men measure the standard chord (25 feet) from the previously set station (16+50) while the instrument man keeps the head tape man on line to set station 16+75. (4) The succeeding stations are staked out in the same manner. If the work is done correctly, the last deflection angle will point on the PT, and the last distance will be the subchord length, C2 (16.33 feet), to the PT.

Road Curves to Left. As in the procedures noted, the instrument occupies

the PC and is set at 000 pointing on the PI. (1) The angle is measured to the PT, if possible, and subtracted from 360 degrees. The result will equal one half the I angle if the PC and PT are positioned properly. (2) The first deflection, d1 (0 39), is subtracted from 360 degrees, and the remainder is set on the horizontal circle. The first subchord, C1(8.67 feet), is measured from the PC, and a stake is set on line and marked for station 16+50. (3) The remaining stations are set by continuing to subtract their deflection angles from 360 degrees and setting the results on the horizontal circles. The chord distances are measured from the previously set station.

Curve Layout Procedure

(4) (4) The last station set before the PT should be C2 (16.33 feet from the PT), and its deflection should equal the angle measured in (1) above plus the last deflection, d2 ( l 14 ) .

Obstacles to Curve Location

Curve Through Fixed Point

Compound Curves Between Successive PIs

Compound Curves Between Successive Tangents

Reverse Curves

Simple Curve Connected to its Tangent with Spirals

Spiral Curves
The Standard Highway Spiral is a curve whose degree varies directly as its length, beginning at zero at the P.S. and reaching a degree of curve equal to the simple curve at the P.S.C.

Spiral Curves
S angle (or Delta ) of a spiral curve. Within a spiral curve some change in direction occurs reducing the value of the central curve by some amount. Also this angle referred to as the S angle is needed in order to determine most of the other properties of the spiral.

In a simple curve, is the degree of curve (D), times the length of curve (L) in stations, or: DL 100 Where: D = degree of curve

L = length of curve in feet

Spiral Curves
Since a spiral has a constantly variable D, beginning at zero and ending at

D of the simple curve, S is the average degree of curve (or D/2) times the
length of the spiral in stations, or: DL S 200

Exercise: Using this formula, determine the S for the following spirals:

X and Y, the Ordinate and the Abscissa. The ordinate, represented by X, and the abscissa, represented by Y, are the backbone of most of the calculations of spiral elements. The ordinate, X, is the right angle offset distance from the P.S.C. to a point on the tangent line. This point on the tangent is called the x-point. The abscissa, Y, is the distance along the tangent from the P.S. to the x-point.

Spiral Curves

X=LM and Y=LN

Where: L = Spiral Length

M & N each represent the summation of a different infinite series involving S expressed in radians. These formulae can be found on page A-19. M and N for every minute of S angle from 0 to 100 are shown in Table IV of the spiral manual on Page A-19.

Other Spiral Elements

The deflection from the tangent to the P.S.C. i a tan

x y

The chord from the P.S. to the P.S.C.

C x2 y2

Besides X and Y, table IV also contains factors for i, c, p, q, u, and v. All we have to do is multiply the values in Table IV by L to get these elements. All of the spiral elements are shown graphically in Figure 54 on page 14-7.

Other Spiral Elements

The long spiral tangent is represented by u and the short one by v, as shown above. These two lines intersect at an angle equal to S. The offset from the main tangent to the point where the tangent to the circular curve becomes parallel to the main tangent is known as p. The distance along the tangent from the PS or PT to a point perpendicular from the radius point is called q.

Vertical Curves

The Tangent Grade Elevation is calculated by using: Tangent Elevation = (G1 x D) + PC Elevations The Vertical Offset is calculated by: v = gD2 Where: (G G2 ) g 2 2L
G1 = Grade of the back tangent G2 = Grade of the ahead tangent L = Length of the vertical curve D = Distance from the PC to the station

Sag Vertical Curve

g 0.015 0.02 0.000058333 2(300 )

Construction Staking
A) CONSTRUCTION BENCH MARKS
Construction benchmarks are the same benchmarks set on the preconstruction location survey. The preconstruction location survey bench levels shall be checked prior to use on construction. In the event it is necessary to install additional benchmarks to facilitate construction, the same accuracy and care shall be used in setting new benchmarks.

Construction Staking

Construction Staking

Construction Staking

Construction Staking

Construction Staking
B) HUB LINE STAKING
Hub stakes are set on both sides of a roadway, normally along the right of way line, or a specified distance beyond the work limits. They are placed outside the work area so they are not disturbed by construction activities. The standard size of these stakes is 2x2x14. The cut or fill is marked on the hub stake and indicates the elevation difference to the top of the dirt subgrade at the shoulder of the roadway. A lath should be placed behind the hub showing the station and offset from the design alignment. When the hub is driven in flush with the ground, the cut or fill is referenced to the top of the hub. A 1x2 stake is then placed beside the hub displaying the appropriate information. When the hub is not driven flush with the ground, the cut or fill is referenced to the original ground directly in front of the hub. An example of a hub stake is shown on the next slide.

Construction Staking
C) SLOPE STAKING Slope stakes indicate where the excavation or embankment will intersect the existing ground. They indicate the points where the backslope intersects the ground on a cut section and where the inslope intersects the ground and the fill section It is necessary to check the arithmetic of the instrumentman when slope stakes are being placed. The instrumentman will calculate a grade rod, which is the difference between the elevation of level and the plan's elevation of the shoulder of the road. He will add to the grade rod the depth of the ditch from the shoulder. This will yield the ditch grade rod (D.G.R.) for cut sections.

Construction Staking
The angle of the inslope and backslope is given as a ratio, such as 4:1 or 3:1. The first number is the number of feet the slope must go horizontally to raise one foot vertically, the second number. (For metric numbers the ratio does not change; 3 meters horizontally vs. 1 meter vertically.)

Construction Staking
C) SLOPE STAKING (CONTINUED)
The crown slope is the rate that the road drops from the centerline to the shoulder. A typical crown slope rate is 0.02 feet per foot (2%). The purpose of this crown is to provide for water drainage. In calculating Slope stakes, the difference in elevation is multiplied by the slope rate. For example, the difference in elevation from a point and the start of the slope is 2.5 feet. The distance on a 10:1 slope would be 25 feet. Try Distance

Much information is taken directly from the typical section. Such as, the distance from the centerline to the toe of the backslope, slope ratios, etc. The distance from centerline to where to put the slope stake can be calculated. This is done by multiplying the "cut" or "fill" (the depth of the ditch) times the slope ratio, and then adding this to the "plus" (the distance from centerline to the toe of the backslope).
The critical information to know is the exact spot where the backslope intersects the existing ground. This can be calculated (as explained in the above paragraph), but this may be more theory than fact. It is standard procedure to measure out to this distance and try it hence the term "Try Distance". A small degree of error in the original DTM could make a large difference, especially in rough terrain.

Construction Staking

Construction Staking

Construction Staking

Construction Staking

Example of a fill section slope stake.

Construction Staking
D) UNDERCUT STAKING
Undercutting shall consist of excavation of material immediately below an upper limit as established on the plans and to a lower limit as directed by the engineer. The width and length will be as specified on the plans unless otherwise specified by the engineer. During construction, undercut measurement may be necessary if the contractor is directed to complete excavation below plans specified undercut. It may be necessary during drainage excavation to require additional undercut below structures, box culverts and pipes. Two methods for obtaining undercut measurements are radial survey and average end area method. With the average end area method a minimum of four sections should be taken and many more may be necessary depending on the change in terrain and/or the volume in consideration. Of the minimum four sections one should be taken ahead of the undercut two should be in the undercut and the fourth on normal ground back of the undercut. With this data a normal ground section can be created for every section taken and thus an end area for each.

Construction Staking
E) BLUE TOP STAKING
After the contractor has completed his rough grading he needs some stakes to finish the top of the roadway to the plans width and elevation. These stakes are called blue tops. They are 1x1 stakes that are driven into the roadway so their tops are at the elevations called for on the plans. The contractor then shaves away or fills in dirt until the surface of the roadway is in line with the tops of these stakes. Bluetopping may be completed by either of two methods: 1) level and rod, 2) total station and data collector. (Note: The Area Engineer will determine if project geometrics are such that the total station and data collector may be used for vertical control. Also the Area Engineer will determine if his/her crew is competent to do bluetopping fully utilizing the total station and data collector for vertical control.)

Construction Staking
Two operations are needed to install bluetops by the level and rod method. The first operation involves running in roadway alignment and setting out the stakes. The second is the grading of the stakes. Running in the roadway alignment is accomplished by setting roadway control points for the bluetopping area, then installing bluetop stakes on centerline and at given offsets. Generally, bluetops are set for every station and midpoint between stations. Most commonly 1x1stakes are used for bluetop stakes. Once the alignment (centerline) has been run in, the next step is to lay out the 1 x 1 stakes across the top of the roadway so they can be set to grade. These stakes are set on the centerline and on each shoulder for every station and midpoint between stations. On a wide roadway, stakes are also placed at the quarter points.

Construction Staking
F) PAVING HUB STAKING
Paving hubs are stakes that are used to reference line and grade for concrete pavements and curb and gutter. The paving hubs are also used to establish trimming elevations, prior to paving, and the location of dowel baskets in PCC Pavement. They are installed at regular intervals along the roadway, usually at transverse joint locations, and just outside the area to be paved. The contractor will request that paving hubs be installed at a specific offset so that his workers and/or machinery can properly reference the stakes without damaging them. The contractor may also request that the stakes give either projected grades or flat grades. A projected grade is a theoretical elevation that the pavement would be at if it were to extend all the way to the paving hub. A flat grade gives an actual elevation difference from the stake to the top edge of pavement or top of curb and gutter. It is important that the type of grade the contractor is requesting is clearly communicated, as the difference between these two elevations is often significant.

Construction Staking
Paving hubs are useful to both the contractor and the inspector in that the contractor uses them to control the operation of his equipment or to set forms, while inspectors use them to check what the contractor is building to see that it is correct. The hubs you will be putting in for this line are either a long nail (with tassel) driven flush with the ground or a wooden stake with a tack driven in the top. The top of nail or top of tack are shot and used as the reference for the grade given to the contractor. Grades can be communicated with the contractor in many different ways. Two common ways are to drive a 1x 2 directly beside the nail (tack) with the elevation written, or to drive the nail through a heavy white ribbon that can be written on. Stationing should be written periodically so that the contractor, inspector, and survey crew can keep track of location.

Construction Staking
G) PIPE STAKING
The station where it is to be installed identifies each pipe on a project. The INSTALL information is type of pipe, size, length, ends, and skew. This information can be found in the project plans. Any additional information can be entered under additional notes. There are three types of bedding, Class A, Class B, and Class C. This also can be found on the plan sheets. Class C is the most common bedding and is used when no bedding is included on the plan sheets. The methods used to backfill a pipe are normal or imperfect trench. Normal backfill is the usual method unless noted in the project plans.

The distances right and left of centerline are obtained from cross sections. The distances shown are to the end of the end sections.

PIPE STAKING (CONTINUED)

Reference Stakes

Construction Staking

The reference hub for staking should be offset from the end of the pipe, not the end of the flare or safety end. There will be two stakes at each end of the pipe: 1. The hub, which is the reference point, shall be driven flush with the ground and far enough from the pipe site to insure protection during construction. 2. The guard stake, which will be placed along side the hub, will contain the following information: i. offset distance ii. ii. stationing iii. pipe size iv. length of pipe v. type of pipe vi. number of flared or safety ends vii. whether a cut or fill is required to the end of the pipe

Construction Staking

From the example, this information can be determined from the guard stake: 1. It is 20 feet to the end of the pipe 2. The pipe is at Station 41+50 3. It is an 18 inch by 40 foot CMP type pipe with 2 flared ends 4. The hub is 1.5 feet higher than the flowline at the end of the pipe.

Stake Markings
a) Feature being staked (referenced, located); e.g., slope final grade, sign foundation, abutment, etc. b) The line defined by the reference stakes (reference point, marker stake and line stake). If a full station is marked, such as A 150 + 40, the reference stakes are set on a line normal or radial to the stationing line at the specified station. If only the line is marked, such as A line, the reference stake is set on the line, not on an offset. Note: Stations are 100 ft. c) Distance normal or radial from the reference point to the stationing line identified in the marking above, along the specified cross-section. This marking is only provided when a full station marking is given above.

d.) Elevation of the reference point.

Stake Markings
e. Cut or fill from the reference point to the point that is being staked. If elevations are shown on the plans, cuts or fills are not provided unless field adjustments are made. f. Distance from the reference point to the point and the line being staked. Note: Generally, this line intersects either perpendicularly or radially the line defined by the Stake pair (see stake marking b).

BASIC SURVEYING
THEORY AND PRACTICE

Presented by the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville College of Engineering Bell Engineering Center Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701

MBTC 9204

Questions Comments Discussion