Protocol Headers

Data Link Header IP Header TCP Header

Trailer

Pre DA SA 0800h version H L

Ether Type

6 TCP Header Data FCS

1: Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 2: Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 6: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 17: User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 89: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Protocol

0x0800 Internet Protocol, Version 4 (IPv4) 0x0806 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 0x8100 IEEE 802.1Q-tagged frame 0x86DD Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) 0x8847 MPLS unicast 0x8848 MPLS multicast

Simple internetwork (example)

Network 1 (Ethernet) H1 H2 H3 H7 R3 H8

Network 2 (Ethernet) R1

Network 4 (point-to-point)

R2 H4 Network 3 (FDDI)

H5

H6

Service model
H1 TCP IP ETH ETH IP FDDI FDDI R1 IP PPP PPP R2 IP ETH R3 H8 TCP IP ETH

Host-to-host service Philosophy: Define a model that is so undemanding that almost any network technology is able to provide the required service. (IP)

IPv4 Header

IPv4 Header

IPv4 Header

IPv4 Header

Protocol Headers
Data Link Header IP Header TCP Header
Trailer

Pre DA SA 0800h version H L

Ether Type

6 TCP Header Data FCS

1: Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 2: Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 6: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 17: User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 89: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Protocol

0x0800 Internet Protocol, Version 4 (IPv4) 0x0806 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 0x8100 IEEE 802.1Q-tagged frame 0x86DD Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) 0x8847 MPLS unicast 0x8848 MPLS multicast

TCP/IP Protocols

IP Addressing

An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network It designates the specific location of a device on the network An IP address is a software address, not a hardware address Hardware address is hard-coded on a Network Interface Card (NIC) and used for finding hosts on a local network

IP Addressing Scheme

An IP address consists of 32 bits of information These bits are divided into four sections, referred to as octets or bytes Three methods of depiction

Dotted-decimal, as in 172.16.30.56 Binary, as in 10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000 Hexadecimal, as in AC.10.1E.38

00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000001 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000010 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000011 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000100 00000000.00000000.00000000.11111111 00000000.00000000.00000001.00000000 00000000.00000000.00000001.00000001 00000000.11111111.11111111.11111111 00000001.00000000.00000000.00000000 00000001.00000000.00000000.00000001 01111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 01111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 10111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000

0.0.0.0 0.0.0.1 0.0.0.2 0.0.0.3 0.0.0.4 0.0.0.255 0.0.1.0 0.0.1.1 0.255.255.255 1.0.0.0 1.0.0.1 127.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 192.0.0.0

Network Addressing

The network address (which can also be called the network number) uniquely identifies each network Every machine on the same network shares that network address as part of its IP address In the IP address 172.16.30.56, for example, 172.16 is the network address The node address uniquely identifies, each machine on a network This part of the address must be unique because it identifies a particular machine, also referred as a host

address

In the sample IP address 172.16.30.56, the 30.56 is the node address

Network Addressing

The designers of the Internet decided to create classes of networks based on network size For the small number of networks possessing a very large number of nodes, they created the rank Class A

network

At the other extreme is the Class C network, which is reserved for the numerous networks with a small number of nodes The class distinction for networks between very large and very small is predictably called the Class B

network

Network Address Range: Class A

First bit of the first byte in a Class A network address must always be off, or 0 This means a Class A address must be between 0 and 127 Consider the following network address:

0xxxxxxx

If we turn the other 7 bits all off and then turn them all on, well find the Class A range of network addresses:

00000000 = 0 01111111 = 127

Network Address Range: Class B

First bit of the first byte must always be turned on, but the second bit must always be turned off If you turn the other 6 bits all off and then all on, you will find the range for a Class B network:

As you can see, a Class B network is defined when the first byte is configured from 128 to 191

10000000 = 128 10111111 = 191

Network Address Range: Class C

For Class C networks, first 2 bits of the first octet are always turned on, but the third bit can never be on Following the same process as the previous classes, convert from binary to decimal to find the range Range for a Class C network:

11000000 = 192 11011111 = 223

Network Address Ranges: Classes D and E

The addresses between 224 and 255 are reserved for Class D and E networks
Class D (224239) is used for multicast addresses Class E (240255) for scientific purposes

A
Loop back

00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 0.0.0.0
00000000.11111111.11111111.11111111 0.255.255.255

B C D E

01111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 127.0.0.0 01111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 127.255.255.255 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 128.0.0.0 10111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 191.255.255.255 11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 192.0.0.0 11011111.11111111.11111111.11111111 223.255.255.255 11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000 224.0.0.0 11101111.11111111.11111111.11111111 239.255.255.255 11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000 240.0.0.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 255.255.255.255

IP Addressing

Reserved IP Addresses

Network address of all 0s Network address of all 1s Network 127.0.0.1 Reserved for loopback tests. Designates the local node and allows that node to send a test packet to itself without generating network traffic. Node address of all 0s Interpreted to mean network address or any host on specified network. Node address of all 1s Interpreted to mean all nodes on the specified network; for example, 128.2.255.255 means all nodes on network 128.2 (Class B address). Entire IP address set to all 1s (same as 255.255.255.255) Broadcast to all nodes on the current network; sometimes called an all 1s broadcast or limited broadcast.

Private IP Addresses

These addresses can be used on a private network, but theyre not routable through the Internet A measure of well-needed security Also conveniently saves valuable IP address space Network Address Translation (NAT), which basically takes a private IP address and converts it for use on the Internet

Private IP Addresses

Class A 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255

Class B 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 Class C 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255