Chapter 5 (P#166) DC-DC Converters

Constant OR Variable Voltage

Input DC

Constant output ? DC Voltage

Constant OR Variable (Dynamic)

Load

Voltage regulator (VR) provides: nearly constant dc output voltage that is essentially

independent of the
input voltage output load current temperature

Regulated Power Supply

DC Voltage Regulator

In Power Electronics We discuss only Switching Power supplies

Switching Chopper s

Linear

Series

Shunt

StepDown Buck

Step-up Boost

Up & Down (Negative) Buck-boost

+ Positive

- Negative

Dual
-Low Efficiency (Disadvantage) -Low Noise (Advantage)

-High Efficiency (Advantage) -High Noise (Disadvantage)

In Power Electronics Why not Linear PS?

 SMPS

Simple Switching Mode Power Supply SMPS- (DC Regulator)

Apply Base current to put the transistor in Saturation Mode and Cutoff Mode

5.2(Page 166) PRINCIPLE OF STEP-DOWN OPERATION

MOSFET BJT IGBT

+ VDC Iload

VDC

Ri

Vload

Rload

t
Vload

Figure 5.1

VAV

t on .VDC t on t off
t on VDC T

VAV

t on .VDC T

VDC VAV
ON

Off

t T

VAV

VAV k VDC K = Duty Cycle

VDC VDC Rload Ri (Input Re sis tan ce) .....( 5.4) Iload kVDC k R load

Figure 5-3(page 171) DC Converter with RL - Load

VDC

SCR

Iload t

+ VDC

RL

D1 Figure 3-40
Free-wheeling diode Makes current flow during toff tON=?

v1(t)

Vload

Vload

ON

Off

t T

1.

Constant-frequency Operation (PWM) Page 168 (Self)

2.

Variable-frequency Operation (FM) Page 168 (Self)

Which of the above method preferable ?

Why?

The duty cycle k can be generated by comparing a dc reference signal vcr with a saw-tooth carrier signal vr
Vr = Maximum value of saw tooth wave
vr = Instantaneous Value of saw tooth wave M = Modulation index
V Vr Vcr

Vr vr t....(5.9) T

V vcr Vcr kT Vcr r kt T

Vo

Vcr M Vr

Vin Vcr Cons tan t Vr

vr
Vcr Vcr Vcr T t

0 Vg

+5V 0 kT T t 0 kT T t

Section 5.3 to 5.7 (Page 171 to 185)

Will Refer When Required

NOW START
Section 5.8(Page 186) Switching Mode Power Supply

DC to DC: CHOPPER [Switching Mode Power Supply] (SMPS)

PRINCIPLE OF STEP-DOWN OPERATION

VDC

MOSFET BJT IGBT

t + VDC Iload
Vload

Ri

Vload

Rload

VDC VAV t

VDC

SCR

Iload t RL D1 v1(t) Vload

+ VDC

Vload

Figure 3-40
ON Off

t T

5.8 (Page#186) Switching-Mode Regulators

BUCK

BOOST

BUCK-BOOST

This circuit is different form the circuit given in the book (Fig 5.18). Find the difference, why this difference?

5.8.1 (Page#186) Buck Regulator (Step Down) Figure 5.15 (Similar); Elements of switching-mode regulators - Buck (Step Down)

Please Do it

- Practice the following Problems

1. A buck converter is supplied from a 50V battery source. Given L=400uH, C=100uF, R=20 Ohm, f=20KHz and D=0.4.Calculate: (a) output voltage (b) maximum and minimum inductor current, (c) output voltage ripple. 2. Design a buck converter such that the output voltage is 28V when the input is 48V. The load is 8Ohm. Design the converter such that it will be in continuous current mode. The output voltage ripple must not be more than 0.5%. Specify the frequency and the values of each component. Suggest the power switch also.

Linear Mode
Vin

Vout

Switching Mode
Variable PWM

Vin

Vout

5.8 (page#186) SMPS - Step Down (Buck) Regulator Do we Need PWM in Linear Power Regulators WHY? Do we Need LPF in Linear Power Regulators WHY? Square Voltage (Ripples)

Variable PWM

LPF(C) Required to remove DC ripples

Variable PWM

LPF (LC) Required to remove DC ripples L Remove? C Remove?

Variable PWM

Fig 5.16 SMPS - Step Down (Buck) Regulator

Variable PWM

LPF

CONTROL CIRCUIT Do we need Free Wheeling Diode in Linear Power Regulators WHY?

Free Wheeling: Diode required to pass energy trapped in L&C during tOFF

Vin

Vout

ON

OFF

ON

T=1/f

Continuous IL and Discontinuous IL in DC-DC Converters

Continuous Inductance Current (IL)

ON

ON OFF

OFF

Discontinuous IL
ON

ON OFF

OFF OFF OFF

OFF

FIGURE 5.16 Buck regulator with continuous iL

is,Is

IGBT
Control

iL,IL eL ic,Ic vc io,Ia

Mode 1-When transistor is switched ON at t=0. The current flows through L, C & load
is=iL

ON
t=0

OFF

Mode Mode

ON

t IL

Mode 2-When transistor is switched OFF at t=t1. The current flows through Diode, C & load

t=t1

vL Vs Vo
ON Mode 1

ic,Ic

io,Ia

vL 0 Vo
OFF Mode 2

ic,Ic

io,Ia

is,Is

iL,IL eL ic,Ic Control vc io,Ia

is=iL ic,Ic ON Mode 1 io,Ia

IL OFF Mode 2 ic,Ic io,Ia

Equation required for Designing Buck Converter

t on Vo Is Duty Cycle k ....( 5.48,49) T Vs Ia(o )

Sw itching period t1 t 2

IL Vs 1 T ....( 5.50) fs Va ( Vs Va )

Va ( Vs Va ) Peak to peak ripple current I ....( 5.51) Vs f L

I T Peak to peak ripple voltage Vc ....( 5.53) 8C

http://www.hills2.u-net.com/electron/smps.htm#buck

ON

OFF

ON

VL=eL Vs

I1 IL I2

IL

diL L Vs Vo eL L di dt dt L

diL 0 Vo Vo ? L L dt

VL

Current in the inductor kT will not change the direction kT

T
vL Vs Vo

(1-k)T

Voltage in the inductor will change the direction (polarity)

T
Vo

ON

OFF

ON

VL=eL Vs

IC I

Current in the Capacitor changes its direction

I2-Ia

kT I1-Ia (1-k)T VC Voltage in the capacitor will not change direction (polarity)

kT

Figure 5.16

is=iL ic,Ic ON Mode 1 io,Ia

IL OFF Mode 2 ic,Ic io,Ia

Please Read - Switching Regulator

Its percent voltage ripple is 100%.

The output voltage with such a high ripple content may be satisfactory for electric heaters, light dimming circuits, etc., it is certainly not suitable for the operation of amplifiers and other circuits requiring almost constant dc voltage.
The high voltage ripple can be controlled by placing a capacitor across the load. The capacitor is large enough so that its voltage does not have any noticeable change during the time the switch is off. Somewhat better circuit can be developed by including an inductor, which is in series with the switch when the switch is on (closed), to limit the current in rush. However, this creates another problem. Since the current in the inductor cannot change suddenly, we have to provide at least one more switch, such a freewheeling diode, to provide a path for the inductor current when the switch is off (open).

Please Read - Switching Regulator

In summary, a good dc-to-dc converter may have, an inductor, a capacitor, and a freewheeling diode, and an electronic switch. The placement of these elements in a circuit dictates the performance of the circuit. The three configurations that utilize these circuit elements are:
a) Boost Converter (raising the output voltage, step-up application), and b) Buck-Boost Converter (lowering or raising the output voltage, step-down or step up application). c) Buck Converter (lowering the output voltage, step-down application),

Please Read - Switching Regulator Basic Design Procedure

o Calculate D to obtain required output voltage.

o Select a particular switching frequency (f) and device preferably f>20KHz for negligible acoustic noise higher fs results in smaller L and C. But results in higher losses. Reduced efficiency, larger heat sink. Possible devices: MOSFET, IGBT and BJT. Low power MOSFET can reach MHz range.

Please Read - Switching Regulator Basic Design Procedure

o Calculate Lmin. Choose L>>10 Lmin o Calculate C for ripple factor requirement. Capacitor ratings: must withstand peak output voltage must carry required RMS current. Note RMS current for triangular w/f is Ip/3, where Ip is the peak capacitor current given by iL/2. o Wire size consideration: Normally rated in RMS. But iL is known as peak. RMS value for iL is given as:

SMPS - Step UP (Boost) Regulator

Variable PWM

Vout

1 Vin 1D

SMPS Voltage Inverter Configuration Buck-Boost little modified call Cuk

PWM

Vout

D = _ Vin 1 D