Numerical Methods

Lecture 3-4 : Introduction to Computer

Dr. Nasir M Mirza
Email: nasirmm@yahoo.com

Computers
Brief History of Computers Brief History of Chip Types of Computers Computer Hardware Computer Software

Oldest Computers
Figure : Jacquards loom

First Type: The Mark I computer

Pascal Computer
Many contributions to mathematics A primitive adder, like an odomoter, called the Pascaline Economics limited its appeal (too expensive) http://lecture.eingang.org/pascal.html

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

1666 as Dissertatio de arte combinatoria (Dissertation on the combinatorial art) (Mozart/Dice Games) http://www.worldvillage.com/jchuang/Music/Dice/dice.cgi Machine below: business success; add, subtract, mult, divide. There was a primitive language for programming this device (setting wheel positions) http://www-gap.dcs.stand.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.html

Charles Babbages Machine

He Designed a machine (Difference Engine) capable of performing a calculation many times over (useful for limits, logs, etc) Steam Powered; only capable of performing one type of operation without changing the gears on the machine Analytical Engine A generic machine (never built) that was capable of reading instructions from punched cards. This is the basis of the modern

instruction set/execution architecture.

Ada Lovelace is credited with designing the language for the analytical engine.

Hardware & Software of a Computer

In the Beginning ...

The first devices to be used were vacumn tubes They had two states They were hot and required lots of air conditioning They were fairly big and needed lots of wiring They burnt out often

Getting Smaller ...

Next came transisters They had two states They produced far less heat They were smaller and therefore needed less wiring Less wiring meant shorter distances for electrons to travel and thus faster computers

Smaller Yet ...

Today, we use integrated circuits, which combine transisters and other components into photographically microtized circuits They are essentially cool They need very little wiring and therefore are even faster

Microprocessors
Each modern Computer has Microprocessor or sets of microprocessors So, we have now chip making technologies.

How a Computer Chip is Made!

Microchip is the brain of the modern computers. Following steps are taken to make a chip. Preparation of a design
Close-up of a part of one chip component.

Large scale printout of entire chip for designer team Photo masks

How a Computer Chip is Made!

Manufacturing the chip
Close-up view of wafer showing many chips Silicon Wafers in etching baths

Close-up view of wafer showing a single chip

A wafer with hundreds of chips

How a Computer Chip is Made!

3. Testing the chip
A prob machine measuring electrical conductivity

Yield analysis being done A diamond saw cutting wafer into single chips

How a Computer Chip is Made!

3. Packaging the chip
A wirebonding device wires the pads of the chip Dual in-line package with two rows of legs

Square pin-grid array package

A dual and two square packag es

What is a computer
A computer is an used to process data, converting the data into useful information that is useful to user. A computer can convert data into information that is meaningful to people What is the difference between data and information ? Data Raw facts stored in computer e.g. A banks computer accounts data such as account number, amount etc.. Information Processed data is called information or the data that serves specific purpose Example: Number of accounts in a bank Example: Number of transactions on a specific day

Components of a Computer
A complete computer system includes four distinct parts Hardware Software Data

A Basic Computer

A Basic Computer CPU

Central Processing Unit - where data is processed

A Basic Computer CPU

ROM

Read Only Memory - Manufacturer supplied data and instructions

A Basic Computer CPU

ROM RAM

Random Access Memory - User supplied data and instructions

A Basic Computer Input Device CPU

ROM RAM

Allows user to supply data to CPU directly

A Basic Computer Input Device CPU

ROM RAM

Output Device

Allows CPU to send data to user directly

A Basic Computer Input Device CPU

ROM RAM

Output Device

Secondary Storage
Semi-permanent storage - device and medium