Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Experimental Design
Investigator
variables
Called treatment variables or factors Contain two or more levels (subcategories)
Observes
hypotheses
Require
stringent assumptions
does not depend on population distribution Data may be nominally or ordinally scaled
Examples: Gender [female-male], Birth Order
May
involve population parameters such as median Example: Wilcoxon rank sum test
Easier
to compute
fewer assumptions
Results
waste information
1984-1994 T/Maker Co.
If data permit using parametric procedures Example: Converting data from ratio to ordinal scale
Difficult
Tables
ANOVA (one-way)
One
Mini-Case
After working for the Jones Graphics Company for one year, you have the choice of being paid by one of three programs: - commission only, - fixed salary, or - combination of the two.
Salary Plans
Commission
only?
Fixed
salary? of the
Combination
two?
Assumptions
Homogeneity of Variance
Normality
Additivity
The effects of the model behave in an additive fashion [e.g. : SST = SSB + SSW]. Non-additivity may be caused by the multiplicative effects existing in the model, exclusion of significant interactions, or by outliers - observations that are inconsistent
with major responses in the experiment.
Independence
Assuming the treatment populations are normally distributed, the errors are not correlated.
One-Way ANOVA
Compares
two types of variation to test equality of means Ratio of variances is comparison basis If treatment variation is significantly greater than random variation then means are not equal Variation measures are obtained by partitioning total variation
ANOVA (one-way)
Source of Variation
Between Treatments (Model) Within Treatments (Error) Total
Sum of Squares
SSB
Degrees of Freedom
c-1
Mean Square
SSB/(c - 1)
M Sw
SSW
-c
SSW/(N - c)
tests:
SST
N
-1
Variation due to treatment Sum of squares among Sum of squares between Sum of squares model Among groups variation
Variation due to treatment Sum of squares among Sum of squares between Sum of squares model Among groups variation
Variation due to random sampling Sum of squares within Sum of squares error Within groups variation
Hypothesis
H0: 1 = 2 = 3
H1: Not all means are equal tests: F -ratio = MSB / MSW
p-value < 0.05
One-Way ANOVA
f(X)
1 = 2 = 3
f(X)
1 = 2 3
StatGraphics Input
salary 425 507 450 ::: 466 492 420 448 437 plan 1 1 1 :: 1 1 2 2 2
StatGraphics Results
Source of Variation Sum of Squares 3,962.68 7,923.05 11,885.73 d.f. 2 12 14 Mean Square 1,981.34 660.254 --F-ratio 3.001 --p-value
0.0877
Diagnostic Checking
Evaluate hypothesis
H0:
1
F-ratio = 3.001
ANOVA (two-way)
Mini-Case
Investigate the effect of decibel output using four different amplifiers and two different popular brand speakers, and the effect of both amplifier and speaker operating jointly.
of amplifier?
Are the effects of amplifiers, speakers, and interaction significant? [Data in decibel units.]
Amplifier/ Speaker S1
A1
9 9 12 7 1 4
A2
8 11 16 5 9 6
A3
8 7 1 0 1 7
A4
10 15 9 6 7 5
S2
Hypothesis
Amplifier
H0: 1 = 2 = 3 = H0: 1 =
StatGraphics Input
decibels amplifier speaker
9 4 12 7 1 4 8 11 16 5 :::
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 :::
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 :::
StatGraphics Results
Source of Variation
Main Effects
d.f. 3 1 3
amplifier speaker
145.3333 387.95833
16 23
9.08333 ---
-----
-----
Diagnostics
Amplifier Speaker Interaction p-value = 0.0372 p-value = 0.0014 p-value = 0.7917
Thus, based on the data, the type of amplifier and the type of speaker appear to effect the mean decibel output. However, it appears there is no significant interaction between amplifier and speaker mean decibel output.
checking
Questions?
ANOVA
End of Chapter