Topic 8 Programing

CHAPTER 8: PROGRAMMING
8.1 Introduction to Programming
sanggagakputih.blogspot.com

8.1.1 Definition 8.1.2 Types of Programming Languages 8.1.3 Programming Language Paradigm 8.1.4 Translator
LEARNING OUTCOME:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to: 1. Define programming language. 2. Differentiate between Low-level and High-level Language. 3. State paradigms of programming language. 4. Identify the functions of translators.
sanggagakputih.blogspot.com 3
What is Programming ???
Programming
A programming is a series of instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks. created by a programmer using a programming language. - instructions must be written in a way the computer can understand.
Computer Program - Example
What is a Programming Language ???
Programming Language
Set of words, abbreviations, and symbols that enables a programmer to communicate instructions to a computer. - Discovering Computer 2011 -
Programming Language
Languages that are used for

Writing games Writing application programs (like Excel)
8.1.2 Types of Programming Language
Two Types
Low-level Language
High-level Language
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(1) Low-level Language
Programming language that is machine dependent that runs on only one particular type of computer.
These programs are not easily portable to other types of computer.
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Low-level Language Two Types
Machine Language
Assembly Language
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Low-level Language Machine

Language The FIRST generation of programming language The ONLY language that computer directly recognizes. Machine language instructions use a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) or combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits.
Low-level Language Machine

Language
Disadvantages: their instructions are extremely cryptic and difficult to learn programs are lengthy Machine-dependent not portable.
Low-level Language Assembly

Language
The SECOND generation of programming language Using symbolic instruction codes (meaningful abbreviations) - A addition -C compare -L load - M multiply
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Language
Disadvantages: Difficult to learn. (Programs must be convert to machine language before the computer can execute, or run the program.) Programmers must use assembler to convert assembly language to machine language.
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Language
Disadvantages: programs are lengthy. Machine-dependent not portable.
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Language
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(2) High-level Language

instructions are quite English-like
easier to learn than machine or assembly language a single instruction corresponds to many operations at the machine level
High-level Language
have to be converted to machine-language before they can be executed Portable examples : FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, Ada, C and C++
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8.1.3 Programming Language Paradigm

Computer languages are categorized according
to the approach they use to solve a problem.

A paradigm, is a way in which computer language looks at the problem to be solved. (style/architecture of programming language)
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FORTRAN COBOL BASIC C Pascal Ada
Smaltalk C++ Visual Basic Java C# F#
LISP Scheme
Prolog
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Object-Oriented - Java
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8.1.4 Translator Translator Program -- the program that translates the source program into the object program. Source Program -- program written in a highlevel programming language. Object Program -- the source program after it has been translated into machine language.
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8.1.4 Translator
Three Types
Assembler
converts programs written in assembly language to machine code
Interpreter
translates one high-level program instruction at a time into machine code
Compiler
convert all of the source program into object program
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SUMMARY
Definition of programming language Differences between low-level and highlevel language Differences of the language paradigm in programming Functions of translator
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8.2 Approach in Problem Solving
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8.2.1 Input Process Output (IPO) Analysis 8.2.2 Algorithm 8.2.3 Pseudocode 8.2.4 Flow Chart 8.2.5 Control Structure 8.2.5.1 Sequence 8.2.5.2 Selection 8.2.5.3 Looping
LEARNING OUTCOME:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
1. Identify input, process and output from a given problem. 2. Define algorithm. 3. Solve problem using pseudocode. 4. Solve problem using flow chart. 5. a) explain the purpose of each control structure. b) apply appropriate control structure in problem 29 solving. sanggagakputih.blogspot.com
Problem Solving Everyday in Life
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Problem Solving in Programming
Programming is a process of problem solving Problem solving techniques Analyze the problem Outline the problem requirements Specify what the solution should do Design steps, called an algorithm, to solve the problem (the general solution)
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8.2.1 Input Process Output (IPO) Analysis
The IPO is used to analyze problems and develop algorithms

Used to organize and summarize the results of a problem analysis It shows where in the solution the processing takes place
8.2.1 Input Process Output (IPO) Analysis It can also be represent using IPO chart Input Processing
Processing items:
Output
Algorithm:
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Identify Input : Process : Output :
To do the IPO Analysis, start with: 1- Output (Display the results) 2- Input (Read the data) 3- Process (Perform the computation)

Output should answer the following question:
What does the user want to see printed on the printer, displayed on the screen, or stored in a file?
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Input should answer the following question: What information will the computer need to know to print, display, or store the output items?
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Processing item:
An intermediate value that the algorithm uses when processing the input into the output
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Analyze the Problem

What is it you are trying to accomplish?
What outcome you are trying to arrive at? List the Inputs and Outputs
Often you work backwards from the Output List the Outputs, and then figure out what Inputs you need in order to arrive at the Output
Analyze the Problem

Example 1 Problem statement: Calculate the area of a rectangle
width height
We can summarize the information contained in the problem statement as follows

Analyze the Problem

Problem Analysis: Identify Input : Process : Output : To do the IPO Analysis, start with: 1 Output 2 Input sanggagakputih.blogspot.com 3 Process
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Analyze the Problem

Problem Analysis:
Input:
Process: Output:
width, height
area = width x height area of rectangle
IPO Chart
The Problem Analysis, can also be represent using IPO (Input, Processing, Output) Chart
Input
width, height
Processing
Processing items: area = width x height Algorithm:
Output
area of rectangle
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Analyze the Problem

Example 2 Problem statement:
Find the average of three numbers input by user.
We can summarize the information contained in the problem statement as follows...

Analyze the Problem

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Analyze the Problem

Problem Analysis:
Input: number1, number2, number3 Process: average = (number1 + number2 + number3) / 3 Output: average
IPO Chart
Input Processing
Processing items:
number1, number2, number3
Output
average = (number1 + number2 + number3) / 3 Algorithm:
average
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Analyze the Problem

Example 3 Problem statement: Determine the total cost of durians, given the number of kilos of durians purchased and the cost of durians per kilo.
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Analyze the Problem

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Analyze the Problem

Problem Analysis:
Input: Number of kilos of durians, Cost of durians per kilo Process: Total cost = Number of kilos of durians Cost of durians per kilo Output: Total cost of durians
IPO Chart
Input Processing
Processing items:
Number of kilos of durians, Cost of durians per kilo
Output
Total cost = Number of kilos of durians x Cost of durians per kilo Algorithm:
Total cost of durians
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Analyze the Problem

Example 4 Problem statement: JKL Corporation gives a bonus to Irfan based on his sales. The bonus is 5 percent of the sales. Calculate Irfan's bonus.
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Analyze the Problem

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Problem Analysis:
Input: Irfan's sales, Bonus rate of 5% Bonus = Sales x Bonus
Process: rate 5% Output:
Irfan's bonus
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IPO Chart
Input
Irfan's sales, Bonus rate of 5%
Processing
Processing items: Bonus = Sales x Bonus rate 5%
Output
Irfan's bonus
Algorithm:
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8.2.2 Algorithm
The algorithm is the abstract idea of solving a problem. An algorithm is a step-by-step instructions that will transform input into output.
It can be represent using pseudo code or flow chart.
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From Algorithms to Programs

Problem
Problem Analysis
Algorithm
sanggagakputih.blogspot.com C++ Program
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Algorithm in everydays life

How to make a mug of hot coffee ??
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How to make a mug of hot coffee: 1. Start 2. Boil water 3. Prepare a mug 4. Put a tea spoon of coffee & sugar 5. Pour hot water 6. Stir 7. End
8.2.2 Algorithm
can be described using three control structures (Bohm and Jacopini-1966);
A Sequence is a series of statements that execute one after another A Selection (branch) statement is used to determine which of two different statements to execute depending on certain conditions
A Looping (repetition) sanggagakputih.blogspot.com 59 statement is used to repeat statements while certain conditions are met
Planning the Algorithm

1. Do Problem Analysis

2. Transfer to pseudo code or flow chart 3. a. Must start with a start
b. Must close with an end
TECHNIQUES TO REPRESENT THE ALGORITHM 1.Pseudo code 2.Flow Chart

Pseudo code Artificial, informal language used to develop algorithms Similar to everyday English Flow chart Graphical representation of an algorithm Special-purpose symbols connected by arrows (flow lines)
TECHNIQUES TO REPRESENT THE ALGORITHM
xample of Pseudocode & Flow chart

Calculate the area of a circle
Pseudo code
Start: Input radius Calculate circle area circle area = 3.142 x radius x radius Print the circle area End:
Flow chart
start
radius circle area = 3.142 x radius x radius circle area end
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SUMMARY
1. Identify input, process and output from a given Problem. 2. Define algorithm.
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LEARNING OUTCOME:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to: 1. Identify input, process and output from a given problem. 2. Define algorithm. 3. Solve problem using pseudo code. 4. Solve problem using flow chart.
8.2.2 Algorithm
The algorithm is the abstract idea of solving a problem. An algorithm is a step-by-step instructions that will transform input into output.
It can be represent using pseudo code or flow chart.
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Problem
1) Problem Analysis
2) Algorithm
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How to make a mug of hot coffee ??
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How to make a mug of hot coffee: 1. Start 2. Boil water 3. Prepare a mug 4. Put a tea spoon of coffee & sugar 5. Pour hot water 6. Stir 7. End
8.2.2 Algorithm
can be described using three control structures (Bohm and Jacopini-1966);
A Sequence is a series of statements that execute one after another A Selection (branch) statement is used to determine which of two different statements to execute depending on certain conditions
A Looping (repetition) sanggagakputih.blogspot.com 70 statement is used to repeat statements while certain conditions are met
Planning the Algorithm

1. Do Problem Analysis

2. Transfer to pseudo code or flow chart 3. a. Must start with a start
b. Must close with an end
TECHNIQUES TO REPRESENT THE ALGORITHM 1. Pseudo code 2. Flow Chart

Pseudo code Artificial, informal language used to develop algorithms Similar to everyday English Flow chart Graphical representation of an algorithm Special-purpose symbols connected by arrows (flow lines)
TECHNIQUES TO REPRESENT THE ALGORITHM
xample of Pseudocode & Flow chart

Calculate the area of a circle
Pseudo code
Start: 1. Input radius 2. Calculate circle area: circle area = 3.142 x radius x radius 3. Print the circle area End:
Flow chart
start
radius circle area = 3.142 x radius x radius circle area end
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8.2.3 Pseudo Code
Artificial, informal language used to develop algorithms. Similar to everyday English.
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8.2.3 Pseudo Code
Pseudocode Format
1
start statement 1 statement 2 end

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2
The statement refers to any input, output & process involved
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Example 1
Problem statement:
Calculate the area of a rectangle
width height
Problem Analysis:
Input:
Process: Output:
width, height
Pseudo Code Example 1
start 1. Input width, height 2. Compute area: area = width x height 3. Print area of rectangle end
Example 2
Problem statement:
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Example 2 Problem Analysis:

start 1. Input number1, number2, number3 2. Compute average: average = (number1 + number2 + number3) /3 3. Print average end
Example 3
Problem statement:
Determine the total cost of durians, given the number of kilos of durians purchased and the cost of durians per kilo.
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start 1. Input number of kilos of durians, cost of durian per kilo. 2. Compute total cost of durian: total cost = number of kilos of durians x cost of durian per kilo 3. Print total cost of durian end
Example 4
Problem statement:
JKL Corporation gives a bonus to Irfan based on his sales. The bonus is 5 percent of the sales. Calculate Irfan's bonus.
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Input: Irfan's sales, Bonus rate of 5% Bonus = Sales x Bonus
Irfan's bonus
start 1. Input sales, bonus rate 2. Compute bonus: bonus = sales x bonus rate 3. Print bonus end
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8.2.4 Flow Chart
Graphical representation of an algorithm.

Special-purpose symbols connected by arrows (flow lines).
Flow Chart Symbols

Graphic Symbol Name Terminal Symbol (ellipse) Meaning indicates the beginning and end points of an algorithm
Process Symbol (rectangle)
shows an instruction other than input, output or selection
Input-Output Symbol (parallelogram)
shows an input or output operation
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Flow Chart Symbols

Graphic Symbol Name Meaning
Disk Storage Input- indicates input from or output to disk Output Symbol storage (cylinder)
Printer Output Symbol

Selection Symbol (diamond)
shows hardcopy printer output
shows a selection process for two-way selection

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Flow Chart Symbols

Graphic Symbol Name Flow Lines (arrow) Off-Page Connector Meaning indicates the logical sequence execution steps in the algorithm of
provides continuation of a logical path on another page
On-Page Connector (circle)
provides continuation of a logical path at another point in the same page

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Flow Chart - Format

start
The statement refers to any input, output & process involved
Statement 1 Statement 2
end
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Example 1
Problem statement:
Calculate the area of a rectangle
width height
Problem Analysis:
Input:
Process: Output:
width, height
Flow chart - Example 1

start
width, height
area = width x height
area
end
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Example 2
Problem statement:
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start
number1, number2, number3
average = (number1 + number2 + number3) / 3
average
end
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Example 3
Problem statement:
Determine the total cost of durians, given the number of kilos of durians purchased and the cost of durians per kilo.
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start
number of kilos of durians, cost of durian per kilo
total cost = number of kilos of durians x cost of durian per kilo
total cost
end
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Example 4
Problem statement:
JKL Corporation gives a bonus to Irfan based on his sales. The bonus is 5 percent of the sales. Calculate Irfan's bonus.
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Input: Sales, Bonus rate 5% Bonus = Sales x Bonus
Bonus

start
Sales, Bonus rate 5%
Bonus = Sales x Bonus rate 5%
Bonus
end
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EXERCISE
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Exercise 1
Problem statement: Pustaka Mukmin Bookstore offers 15% discount for each revision book. Calculate and display the price that customer should paid. Prepare IPO analysis, pseudo code & flow chart
Problem Analysis:
Input: Price
Process:
Discount = Price x 15% New Price = Price - Discount New Price

Output:
Problem Analysis:
Input: Price
Process:
New Price = Price x 85%
Output:
New Price
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Pseudo Code
start 1. Price 2. Compute Discount: Discount = Price x 15% 3. Compute New Price: New Price = Price Discount 4. Print New Price
end
Flow chart
start
Price
Discount = Price x 15% New Price = Price - Discount
New Price
end
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SUMMARY
1. Identify input, process and output from a given problem. 2. Define algorithm. 3. Solve problem using pseudo code. 4. Solve problem using flow chart.
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8.2.5 Control Structure
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8.2.5 Control Structure
LEARNING OUTCOME:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to: 1. Explain the purpose of each control structure. 2. Apply appropriate control structure in Problem solving.
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8.2.5 Control Structure Three (3) control structures

A
Sequence
is a series of statements that execute
one after another

A
Selection (branch)
statement is used to determine which
of two different statements to execute depending on certain conditions
8.2.5.1 Sequence
Control Structures
SEQUENCE
SELECTION
LOOPING
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8.2.5.1 Sequence (Analogy) What do you do after wake up in the morning? Brush teeth Wash face Take a bath Comb hair Smile in front of mirror Having breakfast Go to class
8.2.5.1 Sequence
The simplest programs consist just sequence of statements : no loops, no selections amongst alternative actions.
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8.2.5.1 Sequence Instruction in sequence programming are executed sequentially one by one. The sequence structure directs the computer to process the instructions, one after another, in the order listed in the program.
first instruction last instruction.
Example 1
Problem statement:
Find the product of two numbers.
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Example 1 IPO Analysis:
Input: Process:
num1, num2 product = num1 x num2
Output:
product
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Example 1 Pseudo Code
start 1. Input num1, num2 2. Compute product: product = num1 x num2 3. Print product end
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Example 1 - Flow
start
chart
num1, num2
product = num1 x num2
product
end
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Example 2
Problem statement:
Find a volume for a cone. Formula :
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Example 2 IPO Analysis:

Input: radius, height Process: volume = (1/3) x 3.142 x radius x radius x height Output: volume
Example 2 Pseudo Code
start 1. Input radius, height 2. Compute volume: volume = (1/3) x 3.142 x radius x radius x height 3. Print volume end

start
radius , height
volume = (1/3) x 3.142 x radius x radius x height
volume
end
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8.2.5.2 Selection
Control Structures
SEQUENCE
SELECTION
LOOPING
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8.2.5.2 Selection
Analogy
You need to choose to make Plain Coffee or Coffee Milk
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8.2.5.2 Selection
What is Selection Structure? The selection structure allows instructions to be executed non-sequentially.
It compares a condition / expression, and based on the result of the condition, it takes a certain course of action.
8.2.5.2 Selection
Types of selection structures
if
One-way selection
if-else
Two-way selection
nested if-else
Multi-way selection
switch
Multi-way selection
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Selection - (1) if
The if construct has the general form
if (expression) statement
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Selection - (1) if
Expression is evaluated FIRST. If it evaluates to a non-zero value (TRUE), then statement is executed. If it evaluates to zero (FALSE), the statement is terminated. This structure has ONE entry point and ONE exit point.
Selection - (1) if
Pseudo Code Format:
start 1. input 2. if (expression) Statement end

Selection - (1) if
Flow chart Format:
False expression
True
statement
Selection - (1) if [example]

Problem statement: Print message a is bigger than b if the value for a is bigger than b.
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Selection - (1) if
IPO Analysis:
Input:
a, b
Process: if ( a > b) print a is bigger than b Output: message a is bigger than b
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Selection - (1) if
Pseudo code:
start input a , b if (a > b) print a is bigger than b end

Selection - (1) if
Flow chart
start
a, b
a>b
false
true
a is bigger than b
sanggagakputih.blogspot.com end 138
Selection - (1) if [example 2]

Problem statement: Print message PASS if marks for computer science test is greater than or equal to 60.
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Selection - (1) ifIPO Analysis:
Input:
marks
Process: if ( marks >= 60) print PASS Output: message PASS
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Selection - (1) if
Pseudo code:
start input marks if (marks >= 60) print PASS end

Selection - (1) if
Flow chart
start
marks
marks >= 60
false
true
PASS
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Selection - (2) if-else

The if-else construct has the general form
if (expression) statement 1 else statement 2

Expression is evaluated FIRST. If it evaluates to a non-zero value (TRUE), statement 1 is executed. If it evaluates to zero (FALSE), statement 2 is executed. Either statement 1 is executed or statement 2 BUT NOT BOTH.

Pseudo Code Format:
start 1. input 2. if (expression) Statement 1 else Statement 2 end

Flow chart Format:
False
expression
statement 2
True
statement 1

Example 1: Print Excellent! when user enter marks greater than or equal to 80, else print Sorry, try again.
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IPO Analysis:
Input:
marks
Process: if (marks >= 80) print Excellent else print Sorry, try again Output: Excellent! or Sorry, try again

Pseudo code:
start input marks if (marks >= 80) print Excellent! else print Sorry, try again end

Flow chart
start marks
marks >= 80
false
Sorry, try again
true
Excellent!
sanggagakputih.blogspot.com end
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Example 2: A high school poetry competition is open only for students above 15 years old. Display Eligible if the students meet the requirement, else display Not eligible if otherwise.

IPO Analysis:
Input:
age
Process: if (age > 15) print Eligible else print Not eligible Output: Eligible or Not eligible

Pseudo code:
start input age if (age > 15) print Eligible else print Not eligible end

Flow chart
start age
age > 15
false
Not eligible
true
Eligible
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Example 3: If x is greater than y, display x is bigger than y else display x is smaller than y.
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IPO Analysis:
Input:
x, y
Process: if ( x > y) print x is bigger than y else print x is smaller than y Output: x is bigger than y or sanggagakputih.blogspot.com x is smaller than y
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Pseudo code:
start input x, y if (x > y) print x is bigger than y else print x is smaller than y end

Flow chart
start
x,y
x>y
false
x is smaller than y
true
x is bigger than y
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Selection - (3) nested if-else

The nested if-else structure can be nested to any depth.
if (expression 1) statement 1 else if (expression 2) statement 2 else if (expression n) statement n else last sanggagakputih.blogspot.com statement
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In this nested form, expression 1 is evaluated first. If it evaluates to nonzero (TRUE), statement 1 is executed and the entire statement is terminated. If not, control goes to the second if, where expression 2 is evaluated. If it evaluates to non-zero (TRUE), statement 2 is executed.
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If not, expression n is evaluated. If it evaluates to non-zero (TRUE), statement n is executed. Otherwise, last statement will be executed. Only ONE of the statements will be executed.

Pseudo Code Format:
start 1. input 2. if (expression 1) statement 1 else if (expression 2) statement 2 else if (expression n) statement n else last statement sanggagakputih.blogspot.com end
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Flow chart Format: True
expression 1
statement 1
False
expression 2
True
statement 2
False
True
expression n
statement n
False last statement


Example 1:
if students grade is greater than or equal to 80 Print A else if students grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print B else if students grade is greater than or equal to 50 Print C else Print Failed

IPO Analysis:
Input: Process:
marks
if (marks >= 80) print A else if (marks >= 60) print B else if (marks >= 50) print C else print Failed
Output:
A orsanggagakputih.blogspot.com B or C or Failed
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Pseudo code:
start 1. input marks 2. if (marks >= 80) print A else if (marks >= 60) print B else if (marks >= 50) print C else print Failed end

Flow chart
start
marks
True
marks >=80
False
marks >=60
True
B C
False True
marks >=50
False
Failed
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end

Example 2: if (x > 0) display "x is positive" else if (x < 0) display "x is negative" else display "x is 0"

IPO Analysis:
Input: Process:
x
if (x > 0) display "x is positive" else if (x < 0) display "x is negative" else display "x is 0"
Output:
x is positive or x is negative or x is 0sanggagakputih.blogspot.com
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Pseudo code:
start 1. input x 2. if (x > 0) display "x is positive" else if (x < 0) display "x is negative" else display "x is 0" end

Flow chart
start
x
True
X>0
x is positive
False
X<0
True
x is negative
False
x is 0
end
Selection - (4) switch

The switch structure is a more elegant alternative to the complex nested if-else structure.
The switch structure lets user choose ONE of several alternatives.

Also known statement. as multiple-choice
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Switch structure has the general form:
switch (expression) { case expression 1: statement block break case expression 2: statement block break case expression n: statement block break default : statement block } sanggagakputih.blogspot.com
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expression must evaluate to an integer or a character constant. Each alternative (except the default alternative) in the switch block is normally terminated with a break statement.
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The switch statement is executed as follows: The switch expression is evaluated FIRST. If it evaluates to expression 1, the statement block for that case is executed and break statement in the block terminates the entire switch statement.

If the switch expression evaluates to expression 2, the statement block for that case is executed and break terminates the switch statement.
If the switch expression DOES NOT EVALUATE to any of the case expressions, the statement block for the default case is executed and then terminates the switch statement. sanggagakputih.blogspot.com
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A break is NOT necessary for the default case since its execution will terminate the switch statement.
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Pseudo Code Format:
start 1. input 2. switch (expression) { case expression 1: statement block break case expression 2: statement block break case expression 'n': statement block break default : statement block } end

Flow chart Format:
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Example 1:
x
1 2 Other value
Print
X is 1 X is 2 Value of x unknown
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IPO Analysis:
Input: Process:
x
switch (x)
{ case 1: Print "x is 1 break case 2: print "x is 2 break default: Print "value of x unknown
Output:
"x is 1" or "x is 2" or "value of x unknown sanggagakputih.blogspot.com
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Pseudo code:
start 1. Input x 2. switch (x) { case 1: Print "x is 1 break case 2: Print "x is 2" break default: Print "value of x unknown } end sanggagakputih.blogspot.com
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Flow chart
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EXERCISE
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Exercise 1: If student's grade is greater than or equal to 50, print Passed else print Failed.
Do IPO analysis, pseudo code and flow chart.

SUMMARY
if
One-way selection
if-else
Two-way selection
nested if-else
Multi-way selection
switch
Multi-way selection
Use an appropriate selection control structure in problem solving sanggagakputih.blogspot.com 186
8.3 Introduction to C++
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8.3 Introduction to C++

8.3.1 Program Structure 8.3.2 Using Compiler
LEARNING OUTCOME:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to: 8.3.1 Program Structure Identify components of C++. 8.3.2 Using Compiler Edit, compile, link and execute program.
8.3.1 Program Structure

Components of C++: i. Comment ii. Preprocessor directive iii. Function iv. Body v. Return statement

A computer program consists a list of instructions written in a computer language.
//This is my first C++ program //It prints a line of text #include <iostream> using namespace std;
i. comment ii.preprocessor directive iii. function iv. body
int main()
{ cout << "My first C++ program";
cin.get(); return 0;
}
v. return statement
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// rectangleAREA.cpp // Find Area of rectangle
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int width,height,area; cout << Enter value for width: ; cin >> width; cout << Enter value for height: ; cin >> height; area = width * height; cout << Area: << area; cin.get(); return 0; }
i. comment
ii.preprocessor directive iii. function
iv. body
v. return statement
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i. Comment
Style to insert a comment in C++.
i. Text begin with two double slash // - normally used for single line comment.
// This is my first C++ program // It prints a line of text
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i. Comment
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i. Comment
Style to insert a comment in C++.
begin with /* and ends with */ (possibly containing many lines)
ii.Text
/* This is my first C++ program It prints a line of text */

i. Comment
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i. Comment The purpose to insert a comment: To document a program To improve program readability help other people read and understand a program. Remember comment DO NOT cause the computer to perform any action when the program is run.

ii. Preprocessor directive Preprocessor directive is a general instruction to the C++ compiler. by
- Sharp sign ( #) :are processed preprocessor before program is compiled. - #include <iostream> tells the preprocessor to include in the program the contents of the input/output stream work properly. sanggagakputih.blogspot.com
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ii. Preprocessor directive
- header file (with the file extension.h) is stored in the C++ library. - each header file contains a set of related functions.
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iii. Function
int main()
All C++ programs must have the main() function. The keyword void before main() indicates that main() will not return any value to the operating system. C++ programs normally begin executing at function main . sanggagakputih.blogspot.com 200
iii. Function
201

iv. Body Function
- All the statements in a C++ function (main) must appear between a pair of curly braces { }. - The group of statements enclosed between the braces is called a function block.

iv. Body Function
- The body of main may consist of:

a) variable declaration and reserved word e.g. : int width,height,area;
reserved word variables
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iv. Body Function - The body of main may consist of:
b) input / output console input console: use standard input stream object cin and input operator, >>, to allow user type in a value (or values). e.g. :
cin >> width;


iv. Body Function - The body of main may consist of: b) input / output console output console: use standard output stream object - cout and the output operator, <<, to output the message. e.g. : cout << Area: << area;

iv. Body Function - The body of main may consist of:
c) C++ statement - Every statement must end with semicolon (;) e.g. : i. cout << "My first C++ program; ii. area = width * height;

v. return statement return 0; - is included at the end of main function. - value 0 indicates that the program has terminated successfully.
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8.3.2 Using Compiler

program.cpp (C++ source code) C++ compiler program.obj (object code)
Linker
C++ Library
program.exe (executable program)
Fig. 1: Building a C++ Program
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Edit enter the program statement To write a C++ program, you need to enter the program statements by using:
Text editor (e.g. Notepad, Microsoft Word, etc.) Integrated Development Environment (IDE)(e.g. Dev C++, Borland C++, Visual C++, etc)
The complete source code.
program
statements
called
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Compile translating C++ into machine code (also called object code)
Compiler determines the syntax error.
Link Run the linker combine the machine code with code from C++ library; after compiles is successful.
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Execute Program an application can be run. Finally, the computer, under the control of its CPU, executes the program one instruction at a time. Compiler detects grammatical (syntax) error but NOT the program-logic error.
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Tool Editor Step Edit Source code Compiler Compile Object code Linker Link Executable image Run Product
Result / Output
SUMMARY
1. Identify components of C++.
2. Edit, compile, link and execute program.
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8.4 Data, Operator and Expression
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8.4.4
215
8.4.1 Variables & Reserved Word
At the end of the lesson student should be able to:
Identify variables and reserved word.
216
8.4.1 Variables & Reserved Word

C++ Character Set includes all the keyboard characters:
Uppercase letters of the English alphabet: AZ Lowercase letters of the English alphabet: az Numeric digits: 0 9 Special characters* (link to special characters) sanggagakputih.blogspot.com 217 Space (blank)
Special characters
Punctuation symbols: , . : ; ? ! Parentheses: ( ) Braces: { } Brackets: [ ] Quotation marks: Arithmetic symbols: + * / Comparison symbols: = > < Pound #, percent %, ampersand &, caret ^, tilde ~, vertical slash |, backslash \, underscore _.
Identifiers/ User defined words

Words used to name constants, variables and functions. Identifiers are formed by combining letters, digits and underscore. Must be unique and have a meaningful names The first character MUST be a letter or an underscore. Reserved words CANNOT be used as identifiers. Identifiers are case-sensitive.
Identifiers/ User defined words

Valid

vs.

Invalid
Student age Continue 17throw Principal+Interest 12 3X %change Data-1 Myfirst.c
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gross_income city_tax student_age Item10 count Number_of_characters _abc ABC123Z7 X_1
Variables
A variable is an identifier that is used to hold a value. Must be declared before they can be used. The general form of a declaration is dataType variable_list;
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Declaring variables:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main () { // declaring variables: char name; int age, home_address; float weight, height; return 0; }
Keyword / Reserved Words
Keywords that identify language entities. Have special meanings to the compiler. Must appear in the correct location in a program, be typed correctly, and be used in the right context. Must be typed fully in lowercase.
Keyword / Reserved Words
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8.4.2 Data Type
At the end of the lesson student should be able to: Identify various basic data types. Differentiate basic data type and their usage.
Basic Data Type and Declaration
A set of data values and a set of operations on those values. Five classes:
character, integer, floating-point, float double floating-point, valueless, char int double void
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8.4.2 Data Type

Data Type: (i) char
Used to declare character variables (hold character value). For example:

char choice;
8.4.2 Data Type

Data Type: (ii) int
Used to declare numeric program variables of integer type. (range: -32768 to 32767) Example:
int counter;
8.4.2 Data Type

Data Type: (iii) float
Use to declare a floating-point variable. (approximately 6 digits of precision) For example: float gross_salary;
8.4.2 Data Type

Data Type: (iv) double
Use to declare a floating-point variable (approximately 12 digits of precision) For example: double yearly_budget;
8.4.2 Data Type

Data Type: (v) void
The type void either explicitly declares a function as returning no value or creates generic pointers. Example :
void main()
All Data Types Defined by the ANSI/ISO C Standard

Type Typical Size in Bits Minimal Range
char
int
8
16 or 32
0 to 255
-32 768 to 32 767
float
double
32
64
6 digits of precision
12 digits of precision
ANSI American National Standards Institute for C programming language. ISO International Organization for Standardization
Constants
Entities that appear in the program code as fixed values. const double pi = 3.14159; const char option = 'A'; Can be any of the basic data types. (char, int, float, double)
const int width = 8;
233
Integer Constants
Positive or negative whole numbers with no fractional part. Consists of an optional plus (+) or a minus () sign and decimal digits.
234
RULES for Decimal Integer Constants

Must begin with a non zero decimal digit Can contain decimal digit values of 0 - 9. If the sign is missing, the computer assumes positive. Commas are not allowed in integer constant.
235
Decimal Integer Constants
Example :
Valid -15 0 +250 7550 const int num = -15;
Invalid 0179 1F8 1,756
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Character Constants
Character enclosed in single quotation marks. Examples: 'F' '1' '*' char genderFemale = 'F';
String Constants
A sequence of any number of characters surrounded by double quotation marks. Useful in prompting users for input. Can contain any printable characters.
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String Constants - declaration
const char name[] = Hello World!;
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Floating-Point Constants
Positive or negative decimal numbers with an integer part, a decimal point, and a fractional part. Can be represented either in conventional or scientific notation.
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Scientific Notation
Consists of six (6) parts: A sign A decimal integer (optional) A decimal point A decimal fraction (optional) The letter e or E followed by a signed or unsigned integer exponent (optional) Type suffix f, F, l, or L (optional)
Scientific Notation
Commas are not allowed. Three types: float double long double
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Scientific Notation
The following are examples of floatingpoint literals:

Floating Point
5.3876e4 53,876
Value
0.00000000004
100000 0.007321
4e-11
1e+5 7.321E-3
0.5e-6
0.45
0.0000005
0.45
Escape Sequence / Backslash
The escape character and any character that follows. E.g:

Code \n \t \ \ \\ \? New line Horizontal tab Double quote Single quote Backslash
Meaning
Question mark
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Escape Sequence / Backslash : e.g
245
Escape Sequence / Backslash :

output
246
8.4.3 Operator
clarify operations on variables operators that can be used in program. Identify precedence of operators
& a
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8.4.3 Operator

C++ uses a set of built-in operators. Operators act on operands. There are several operators:
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Arithmetic Operators
Operator Meaning
Subtraction, (also unary minus )
Addition
*
/
Multiplication
Division Modulus Division (produce the remainder of an integer division) Decrement
sanggagakputih.blogspot.com Increment 249
%
-++
8.4.3 Operator
Rules for Evaluation of Arithmetic Expressions:
Evaluate all parenthesized subexpressions, beginning with the innermost subexpressions in case they are nested. e.g: bill = 60 + ((hours 24) * 5);
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Increment and Decrement
C++ provides two special operators '++' and '-' for incrementing and decrementing the value of a variable by 1. The increment/decrement operator can be used with any type of variable BUT it cannot be used with any constant. Increment and decrement operators each have two forms, pre and post.

Increment Decrement
++x or x++ x=x+1
--x or x-x=x-1
x += 1 Pre: ++x Post: x++

x -= 1 Pre: --x Post: x-252
Expression
x---x
Meaning
decrease 1 after use in expression decrease 1 before use in expression
x++
++x
increase 1 after use in expression

increase 1 before use in expression
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Increment and Decrement ++x

x = 10; z = ++x; Here, z is equal to 11 x is equal to 11 x++ x = 10; z = x++; Here, z is equal to 10 x is equal to 11
Increment and Decrement --x

x = 10; z = --x; Here, z is equal to 9 x is equal to 9 x-x = 10; z = x--; Here, z is equal to 10 x is equal to 9
Increment and Decrement e.g: 1
int x,y; x = 5; y = x++ - 2;
int x,y; x = 5; y = ++x 2;
Answer: y=3 x=6
Answer: y=4 x=6
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Increment and Decrement e.g: 2
int y,z; y = 8; z = y-- + 3;
int y,z; y = 8; z = --y + 3;
Answer: y=7 z = 11
Answer: y=7 z = 10
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Increment and Decrement exercise 1
int x,y; x = 9; y = x++ + 8;
int x,y; x = 9; y = ++x + 8;
Answer: y=3 x=6
Answer: y=4 x=6
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int x,y; x = 9; y = x++ + 8;
int x,y; x = 9; y = ++x + 8;
Answer: y = 17 x = 10
Answer: y = 18 x = 10
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int y,z; y = 3; z = y-- - 1;
int y,z; y = 3; z = --y - 1;
Answer: y=7 z = 11
Answer: y=7 z = 10
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int y,z; y = 3; z = y-- - 1;
int y,z; y = 3; z = --y - 1;
Answer: y=2 z=2
Answer: y=2 z=1
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int a,b,n;
a = 5; b = 3;
n = ++a * ++b; Answer: n = a=
int a,b,n;
a = 5; b = 3;
n = ++a * ++b; Answer: n = 24 a=6
int a,b,n;
a = 7; b = 1;
n = a++ * --b; Answer: n = a=
int a,b,n;
a = 7; b = 1;
n = a++ * --b; Answer: n = 0 a=8
EXERCISE
Write the output for the program fragment given. 1) int z = 7;
cout << z << endl; cout << --z << endl; cout << z++ << endl;
2) int p,q; p = 9; q = --p + 5; cout << --q << \t; cout << --p << endl; cout << p++ << endl;
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3) int p,q; p = 7; q = p++ - 3; cout << p << \t; cout << ++p << endl; cout << q++ << \t; cout << q << endl;
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4) int a = 3,b = 2, c;
c = 3 * ((5/a) + (4*(a-b)) % (a+b-2));
cout << ++c;
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ANSWER
1
7 6 6 12 7 7
8 9
4
5
4
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Relational Operator
The relational operators are used to test the relation between two values. All relational operators are binary operators and therefore require two operands. A relational expression returns zero (0) when the relation is FALSE and a non-zero (1) when it is TRUE.
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Relational Operator
Operator
Meaning
Greater than Greater than or equal Less than Less than or equal Equal
> >= <
<=
== !=
Not equal
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Relational Operator - examples
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Logical Operator
Logical refers to the ways these relationships can be connected.

Operator Meaning
AND
OR NOT
&&
|| !
Logical Operator Truth Table

P 0 Q 0 P&&Q 0 P||Q 0 !P 1
0
1 1
1
0 1
0
0 1
1
1 1
1
0 0
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Logical & Relational Operator Example

i. ( 5 < 3 ) && (6 <= 6)
F T
Result: 0 (False)
ii.( 1 < 3 ) || (5 != 6)
T T
iii. ! (7 >=8)
F
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Result: 1 (True) Result: 1 (True) sanggagakputih.blogspot.com
Assignment Operator
The assignment operator '=' is used for assigning a variable to a value. This operator takes the expression on its righthand-side and places it into the variable on its left-hand-side. For example:
m = 5; bill = 200;
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Assignment Operator
Other Examples:
a) sumProduct = x * y; b) bonus = 5 * salary; c) nett_income = gross deduction; d) modulus = a % b; e) BMI = width / (height * height);
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Precedence of Arithmetic and Relational Operators

Precedence Level
1 (highest) 2 3 4 5 6 ( ) Unary + ++ * + < == / <= !== > >= % unary --
Operator
Associativity
left to right right to left right to left left to right left to right left to right left to right
7 (lowest)
= += -= *= /= %=
right to left
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Presedence: Example 1
Assume a = 10, b = 3, c = 7 a+b

2
1)
>= 3 * c
3
13 >=
21
Assume a = 10, b = 3, c = 7
a != 2 * c + b
3
10 !=
1
17
Output : 1 (true)
int a; a=8+5*1%2*4
4 1 2 3
Output : 12
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8.4.4 Expression
Write expression in correct syntax
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8.4.4 Expression
Expressions in C++ are formed by combining operators, variables and constants. C++ expressions can be simple or complex. Parentheses ( ) can be used to force the order of evaluation.
8.4.4 Expression
Here are some examples of expressions:

nett_salary = (basic_pay + hours * rate) (socso + premium + loan);
(i)
(ii) (b * b 4 * a * c) > 0 (iii) (gender=='M' || gender=='F') && age >= 21
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8.4.4 Expression
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Mixed Mode Expression
Mixed mode expression happened when Constants and variables of different data types are combined together.
Type casting is used to force an expression to be of a specific data type.
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Type Casting
General forms:
(data_type) expression
OR data_type (expression)
Type Casting - examples

float a, b; float addition, multiplication; float modulus;
addition = a + b; multiplication = a * b; modulus = (int) a % (int) b;
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Space and Parentheses
You can add tabs and spaces to expressions to make them easier to read. For example, the following two expressions are the same:
(i) x=10/y*(127/x); (ii) x = 10 / y * (127 / x);

Redundant or additional parentheses do not cause errors or slow down the execution of an expression.
You should use parentheses to clarify the exact order of evaluation, both for yourself and for others.
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Which of the following two expressions is easier to read? x = y/3-34*temp+127;
x = (y/3) - (34*temp) + 127;
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SUMMARY
1. Identify variables and reserved word. 2. Identify various basic data types. 3. Differentiate basic data type and their usage. 4. Clarify operations on variables & operators that can be used in a program. 5. Identify precedence of operators. 6. Write expression in correct syntax.
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8.5 Use of Control Structure
294
Write a program segment by using appropriate control structure.
295
Control Structure
Control structure refers to the order of execution of instructions in a program. Types of control structure: Sequence Selection Looping

Problem
- Problem Analysis (IPO)

- Algorithm (Pseudo code + Flow chart)
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(1) Sequence
Series of statements that execute one after another.
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(1) Sequence example 1

Calculate and display area of a circle.
IPO Analysis:
I - radius
P - area = 3.142 x radius x radius O - area
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Pseudo code: Start Input radius Calculate area: area = 3.142 x radius x radius Display area End

#include <iostream> using namespace std; Pseudo code:
Start Input radius Calculate area: area = 3.142 x radius x radius Display area End
D I P O
int main() { float radius, area; cin >> radius;

area = 3.142 * radius * radius;
cout << area; cin.get(); sanggagakputih.blogspot.com return 0; NOT } USER FRIENDLY !!!
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Why??
Because there is NO prompt message for user...
Assume that radius entered by user is 8.7
Sample of output:
302

#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() D { I float radius, area;
P
"; O
cout << "Enter radius:

cin >> radius;
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sanggagakputih.blogspot.com area = 3.142 * radius * radius;

Sample of output:
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Calculate and display total for three (3) quizzes below: Quiz1 78.5, Quiz2 67.5, Quiz3 90.2
IPO Analysis:
I - P - total = Quiz1 + Quiz2 + Quiz3 O - total

#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() D { float Quiz1 = 78.5, Quiz2 = P 67.5; O float Quiz3 = 90.2, total;
total = Quiz1 + Quiz2 + sanggagakputih.blogspot.com Quiz3;
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Sample of output:
307

Calculate and display price of laptop after 15% discount.
IPO Analysis:
I - ori price
P - new price = ori price x 0.85
O - new price

#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { float ori_price, new_price;
cout << Insert original price: RM ; cin >> ori_price; 0.85; new_price = ori_price *

Sample of output:
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The following C++ code contains errors. Correct the error and rewrite the code. #include (iostream.h) #include (stdlib.h) int main() { char name[25];
cout >> 'Enter your name: '; cin << name

cout << "Your name is "
Errors: #include (iostream.h) #include (stdlib.h) int main() { char name[25];
cout >> 'Enter your name: '; cin << name

Answer: #include <iostream.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main() { char name[25];
cout << Enter your name: ; cin >> name;

Sample of output:
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The program may contains error(s). Correct the error and rewrite the program. #include <iostream.h> #include <stdlib.h> void main() { double dist_km double dist_mile; cout << "\n Enter the distance in \"KM\:";
CIN >> dist_km;
Errors: #include <iostream.h> #include <stdlib.h> void main() { double dist_km double dist_mile; cout << \n Enter the distance sanggagakputih.blogspot.com in \KM\:; CIN >> dist_km;
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Answer: #include <iostream.h> #include <stdlib.h> void main() { double dist_km; double dist_mile; cout << \n Enter the distance sanggagakputih.blogspot.com in \KM\:; cin >> dist_km;
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Study the C++ program below. Using problem analysis, determine input, output and process involve in this program.
#include <iostream.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main() { int feet, yards;
cout << Enter value (yards)

cin >> sanggagakputih.blogspot.com yards;
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feet = 3 * yards;
Answer:
IPO Analysis: I - yards
P - feet = 3 * yards
O - feet
Exercise:
(1) Write a complete C++ program that will calculate salary earned when user enter number of days worked and rate per day. Your output should display number of days worked, rate per day and amount earned. (2) Write a complete C++ program that will calculate amount paid for an item when user enter quantity and price of the item. The output must display the quantity, price of the item and amount paid. (3) Write a C++ program that will calculate and output the average of two floating-point numbers sanggagakputih.blogspot.com 320 entered from the keyboard.
Answer:
(1) Write a complete C++ program that will calculate salary earned when user enter number of days worked and rate per day. Your output should display number of days worked, rate per day and amount earned.
IPO Analysis:
I - days worked, rate P - salary = days worked x rate
O - days worked, rate, salary sanggagakputih.blogspot.com
321
Program:
322
Sample of output:
323
Answer:
(2) Write a complete C++ program that will calculate amount paid for an item when user enter quantity and price of the item. The output must display the quantity, price of the item and amount paid
IPO Analysis:
I - quantity, price P - amount paid = quantity x price
O - quantity, price, amount paid sanggagakputih.blogspot.com
324
Program:
325
Sample of output:
326
Answer:
(3) Write a C++ program that will calculate and output the average of two floating-point numbers entered from the keyboard
IPO Analysis:
I - num1, num2 P - average = (num1 + num2) / 2
O - average
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Program:
328
Sample of output:
329
(2) Selection
The selection structure allows instructions to be executed non-sequentially.
It compares a condition / expression, and based on the result of the condition, it takes a certain course of action.
330
(2) Selection
if
One-way selection
if-else
Two-way selection
nested if-else
Multi-way selection
switch
Multi-way selection
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(2) Selection [if] example 1

Print Passed! when user enter marks greater than or equal to 60.
IPO Analysis: Input: marks Process: if (marks >= 60) print Passed!
Output:
message Passed!

#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { float marks; cout << "Enter marks: "; cin >> marks; if (marks >= 60) sanggagakputih.blogspot.com cout << "\nPassed!";
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Sample of output:
334

Assign car allowance = 200 and housing allowance = 800 if job code for a worker is equal to '1'.
IPO Analysis:
Input: job code Process: if (job code == '1') car allowance = 200 housing allowance = 800 Output: sanggagakputih.blogspot.com 335

#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { char job_code; float car_allowance, housing_allowance; cout << "Enter your job code: "; sanggagakputih.blogspot.com cin >> job_code;
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Sample of output:
337
(2) Selection [if-else] example 1

Print Excellent! when user enter marks greater than or equal to 80, else print Sorry, try again.
IPO Analysis:
Input: marks Process: if (marks >= 80) print Excellent else print Sorry, try again
Output:
Excellent! or Sorry, try again sanggagakputih.blogspot.com
338

#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { float marks; cout << "Enter marks: "; cin >> marks; if (marks >= 80) sanggagakputih.blogspot.com cout << "\nExcellent"; else
339

Sample of output:
340

Calculate price of car rental. Customer will charged for RM 60 if total hours less or equal to 24. Otherwise, RM 5 will be charged for next every hour. Display the price of car rental.
IPO Analysis:
Input: hours Process: if (hours <= 24) amount paid = 60 print amount paid else amount paid = 60 + ((hours 24) x 5 ) print amount paid
Output: amountsanggagakputih.blogspot.com paid
341

#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int hours; float amount_paid;
cout << "Enter total hours: "; cin >> hours;

if (hours <= 24)
343

Sample of output:
344
(2) Selection [nested if-else] example

1 This program prompts the user to enter a number. If that number is greater than zero, it tells the user that a positive number was entered. If the number is less than zero, it tells the user that a negative number was entered. If both are not true, it tells the user that the number is equal to zero.
345

1
IPO Analysis: Input: num Process: if (num > 0) print Positive Number else if (num < 0) print Negative Number else print Number is equal to zero Output: message Positive Number OR Negative Number OR Number is equal to zero

1
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int num; cout << "Enter any number: "; cin >> num; if (num > 0)

1
348

1
Samples of output:
349

2 Computes and prints the product or total of three numbers based on the user request. If user request is 1, the program will count the product of three numbers. If it is 2, the program will count the total of three numbers. If the number is not 1 or 2, display this message; You make a wrong choice.
350

2
IPO Analysis: Input: user request, num1, num2, num3 Process: if (user request == 1) product = num1 x num2 x num3 print product else if (user request == 2) total = num1 + num2 + num3 print total else print You make a wrong choice!
Output:
product OR total OR message You make a wrong choice! sanggagakputih.blogspot.com
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2
352

2
Samples of output:
353

2
354

2
Samples of output:
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(2) Selection [switch] example 1

Computes and prints the product or total of three numbers based on the user request. If user request is 1, the program will count the product of three numbers. If it is 2, the program will count the total of three numbers. If the number is not 1 or 2, display this message; You make a wrong choice.
356

IPO Analysis:
Input: user request, num1, num2, num3 Process: switch (user request) { case 1 : product = num1 x num2 x num3 print product break case 2 : total = num1 + num2 + num3 print total break default: print You make a wrong choice! } Output: product OR total sanggagakputih.blogspot.com OR message You make a wrong choice!
357
358
Switch
switch (user_request) { case 1 : product = num1 * num2 * num3; cout << "\nProduct of three number is: " << product; break; case 2 : total = num1 + num2 + num3; cout << "\nTotal of three number is: " << total; Break;
Nested if-else equivalent

`if (user_request == 1) { product = num1 * num2 * num3; cout << "\nProduct of three number is: " << product; }
else if (user_request == 2) { total = num1 + num2 + num3; cout << "\nTotal of three number is: " << total; }
default: cout << "\nYou make a wrong choice!"; }
else sanggagakputih.blogspot.com cout << "\nYou make a wrong choice!";
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This program needs user to key in a number to make a choice for their favorite's holiday destination in Malaysia. If the choice is equal to 1, it will display Pulau Langkawi. If the choice is equal to 2, it will display Cameron Highland. If the choice is equal to 3, it will display Genting Highland. If the choice is equal to 4, it will display Bukit Merah. Other than that, display Your choice is not in the list.

IPO Analysis:
Input: user choice Process: switch (user choice) { case 1 : print Pulau Langkawi break case 2 : print Cameron Highland break case 3 : print Genting Highland break case 4 : print Bukit Merah break default: print Your choice is not in the list } Output: Pulau Langkawi or Cameron Highland or sanggagakputih.blogspot.com Genting Highland or Bukit Merah or You make a wrong choice!
361
362

Samples of output:
363
Switch
switch (user_choice) { case 1 : cout << "\nPulau Langkawi "; break; case 2 : cout << "\nCameron Highland "; break;
Nested if-else equivalent

`if (user_choice == 1) cout << "\nPulau Langkawi ";
else if (user_choice == 2) cout << "\nCameron Highland "; else if (user_choice == 3) cout << "\nGenting Highland "; else if (user_choice == 4) cout << "\nBukit Merah ";
case 3 : cout << "\nGenting Highland "; break;

case 4 : cout << "\nBukit Merah "; break;
default: cout << "\nYour choice is not in the list"; else sanggagakputih.blogspot.com 364 } cout << "\nYour choice is not in the list";
What is the output for this program if color value is 'R' ?
365
Output:
366
What is the output for this program code?
367
Output:
368
Study the following fragment code.
int n;
cout << "Enter integer: " << endl; cin >> n;
if (n < 5) cout << "\nan integer entered less than 5 "; else if (n > 5) (i) What will be the output if user enters the integer value is 0 cout << "\nan integer entered (ii) What values for n will cause the output an integer entered not greater than 5 "; interesting ? sanggagakputih.blogspot.com 369
else
(i) What will be the output if user enters the integer value is 0 Answer : an integer entered less than
5 (ii) What values for n will cause the output an integer entered not interesting ? Answer : n = 5
(3) Looping
The looping (or repetition) structure allows a sequence of instructions to be executed repeatedly until a certain condition is reached. The looping structure has three forms: while do-while for
Looping (1) while example 1

Display Hello for five (5) times
IPO Analysis: I - none P - none
O - Hello for five (5) times


start 1. initialize counter i=1 2. while (i <= 5) { print Hello 3. counter increment i=i+1 } 4. repeat until i > 5 end
start
i=1
F
end i <= 5
T
Hello
i=i+1
373
374

Output:
375

Find the average of three numbers for three (3) times
IPO Analysis: I - num1, num2, num3
P - average = (num1 + num2 + num3) / 3

O - average (3 times)
377

Sample of output:
378

Calculate area of a circle two for (2) times
IPO Analysis: I - radius
P - area = 3.142 x radius x radius

O - area (2 times)
380

Sample of output:
381
Looping (1) while trace output 1
382
Looping (1) while answer
383
Looping (1) while trace output 2
384
Looping (1) while answer
385
Looping (2) do-while example 1

Display C++ for seven (7) times
O - C++ (7 times)

start 1. initialize counter i=1 2. do { print C++ 3. counter increment i=i+1 } 4. while ( i <=7) repeat while i <= 7 end
start
i=1
C++
i=i+1
T
i <= 7
F
end
388

Output:
389


391


O - area (2 times)
393
Looping (3) for example 1

Display I Love KMM for ten (10) times
O - I Love KMM (10 times)

395

Output:
396


398


O - area (2 times)
400
EXERCISE (1)
Change the C++ segment code below into for & do-while statement.
int i = 7; while ( i <= 77) { cout << i << endl; i = i + 7; }
EXERCISE (2)
Change the C++ segment code below into while & do-while statement.
int j; for (j=20; j >= 2; j-=2) { cout << j << endl; }
EXERCISE (3)
The following C++ codes containe errors. Correct the errors and rewrite the code.
#include <iostream.h> #include <stdlib.h>
int main[]
{ int Num, Power, bil; cout << Please key in any number: ; cin >> Num; for (bil == 1, bil <= 12; bil++;) { Power = bil x num; cout << bil << x << num << = << Power << endl; } cin.get();
EXERCISE (4)
a) Write a program segment that will display value 1 to 100 in increments of 1. (while, do-while, for)
b) Write a program segment that will display value 100 to 1 in decrements of 1. (while, do-while, for)
404
EXERCISE (1) - Answer

for statement.
int i; for (i=7; i <= 77; i=i+7) { cout << i << endl;
405

do-while statement.
int i = 7; do { cout << i << endl; i = i + 7;
} while(i <= 77);
406

while statement.
int j = 20; while (j >= 2) { cout << j << endl; j-=2; }


do-while statement.
int j = 20; do { cout << j << endl; j-=2; } while (j >= 2);

#include <iostream.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main( ) { int Num, Power, bil; cout << Please key in any number: ; cin >> Num;
for (bil = 1; bil <= 12; bil++)

{ Power = bil * Num; cout << bil << x << Num << = << Power << endl; } cin.get(); return 0; }

a) Write a program segment that will display value 1 to 100 in increments of 1. (while, do-while, for)
int j = 1;
while (j <= 100) { cout << j << endl; j++; }

b) Write a program segment that will display value 100 to 1 in decrements of 1. (while, do-while, for)
int j = 100;
do { cout << j << endl; j--; } while (j >= 1);
Applying accumulating in looping

Accumulating or summing is a task that most often perform in C++. Accumulating means summing a group of numbers: 1. where a variable is added to another variable, 2. which holds the value of the sum or total.
412
Expression for accumulating: (e.g:)
sum = sum + num
total = total + marks
413
Example 1:
Calculate and display sum of odd numbers from 1 to 10
IPO Analysis: I - none
P - sum = sum + counter

O - sum
Example 1: while
int counter = 1; int sum = 0; while ( counter <= 10 ) { sum = sum + counter; counter = counter + 2; } cout << Sum of ODD numbers is: << sum;
415
Example 1: while
416
Example 1: do-while
int counter = 1; int sum = 0; do { sum = sum + counter; counter = counter + 2; } while ( counter <= 10 ); cout << Sum of ODD numbers is: << sum;
Example 1: do-while
418
Example 1: for
int counter; int sum = 0; for (counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter = counter + 2) { sum = sum + counter; } cout << Sum of ODD numbers is: << sum;
419
Example 1: for
420
Example 1:
Output:
421
Example 2:
Calculate and display sum of EVEN numbers from 2 to 20
IPO Analysis: I - none
P - sum = sum + counter

O - sum
Example 2: while
int counter = 2; int sum = 0; while ( counter <= 20 ) { sum = sum + counter; counter = counter + 2; } cout << Sum of EVEN numbers is: << sum;
423
Example 2: while
424
Example 2: do-while
int counter = 2; int sum = 0; do { sum = sum + counter; counter = counter + 2; } while ( counter <= 20 ); cout << Sum of EVEN numbers is: << sum;
Example 2: do-while
426
Example 2: for
int counter; int sum = 0; for (counter = 2; counter <= 20; counter = counter + 2) { sum = sum + counter; } cout << Sum of EVEN numbers is: << sum;
427
Example 2: for
428
Example 2:
Output:
429
Example 3:
Calculate and display average of three (3) quizzes.
IPO Analysis: I - mark P - total = total + mark average = total / 3 O - average
Example 3: while
int counter = 1; float total = 0, mark, average;
while ( counter <= 3 ) { cout << Enter mark: ; cin >> mark; total = total + mark; counter++; } average = total / 3; cout << Average for 3 quizzes: << average;
Example 3: while
432
Example 3: do-while
int counter = 1; float total = 0, mark, average;
do { cout << Enter mark: ; cin >> mark; total = total + mark; counter++; } while ( counter <= 3 ); average = total / 3; cout << Average for 3 quizzes: << average;
Example 3: do-while
434
Example 3: for
int counter; float total = 0, mark, average;
for (counter=1; counter <= 3; counter++) { cout << Enter mark: ; cin >> mark; total = total + mark; } average = total / 3; cout << Average for 3 quizzes: << average;
435
Example 3: for
436
Example 3:
Sample of Output:
437
Exercise 1 Compute the product of all the numbers from 1 to 8.

(Hint: Use a called product instead of initialize product to 1) variable sum and
438
Exercise 2 Find the sum of the square of all the numbers from 1 to 5.
(i.e. 1*1 + 2*2 + 3*3 +... )
439
Exercise 1 - Answer
440
Exercise 1 - Output
441
Exercise 2 - Answer
442
Exercise 2 - Output
443
SUMMARY
Write a program segment by using appropriate control structure.
444
8.6 Header File and Functions
8.6.1 Standard Header file 8.6.2 Functions
445
8.6 Header file and Functions

At the end of the lesson student should be able to: 1) use standard header file in a program 2) use appropriate functions in a program
446
Introduction
Header file is a text file containing small
bits of program code, which is used to describe the contents of the main body of code to other modules.
Also known as pre-processor directive. The header file tells the compiler what is
available in the library.
447
8.6.1 Standard header file
The following header files are supplied with the standard libraries: . iostream.h . stdlib.h OR cstdlib.h . time.h OR ctime.h . math.h
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/clibrary/
i) iostream.h input output stream
Declares objects that control reading from and writing to the standard streams.
The only header files to perform input and output in a C++ program. #include <iostream.h>
449
i) iostream.h input output stream

Defines global objects:
450
i) iostream.h example
# include <iostream.h> int main() { cout << My first C++ program; cout << endl; cin.get(); return 0; }
#include <iostream.h> int main()
{
char name [30]; cout << Enter Your Name: ; cout << endl; cin >> name; cin.get(); return 0; }
453
ii) cstdlib.h (stdlib.h)
Used for testing and converting characters.

This header defines several general purpose functions, including dynamic memory management, random number generation, communication with the environment, integer arithmetic, searching, sorting and converting. #include <stdlib.h>
455

#include <stdlib.h> #include <iostream.h> #include <time.h> int main( ) { unsigned masa = time(NULL) ; cout<<masa = << masa <<endl ; srand(masa); //Initialize random number generator for (int i=0 ; i<8 ; i++) cout << rand( ) << endl; return 0; }
457
Sample of output:
458
459
iii) ctime.h (time.h)
This header file contains definitions of functions to get and manipulate date and time information. Declares the structure tm, which includes at least the following objects:

int int int int int int
tm_sec seconds [0,61] tm_min minutes [0,59] tm_hour hour [0,23] tm_mday day of month [1,31] tm_mon month of year [0,11] tm_yearsanggagakputih.blogspot.com years since 1900
460
461
Output:
iv) cmath (math.h)
cmath declares a set of functions to compute common mathematical operations and transformations.
#include <math.h>
463
iv) cmath (math.h)
464
iv) cmath (math.h)
465
iv) cmath (math.h) - example
Output:
8.6.2 Functions
A function is a sub-program that program can call to perform a task. When you have a piece of code that is repeated often you should put it into a function and call that function instead of repeating the code.
467
8.6.2 Functions Creating your own function

Declare a function in a similar way as create the main function. Here is a function that prints Hello.
void PrintHello() cout << "Hello\n";
{ }
8.6.2 Functions Calling a function
Once you have created the function you must call it from the main program. Here is an example of how to call the PrintHello function.
void PrintHello()
cout << "Hello\n";

} int main()
{
PrintHello(); return 0;
8.6.2 Functions Calling a function
470
Summary
1) use standard header file in a program 2) use appropriate functions in a program
471
8.7 Simple C++ Program
472
8.7 Simple C++ Program

At the end of the lesson student should be able to: 1) Write a simple C++ program.
473

Topic 8 Programing

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CHAPTER 8: PROGRAMMING

8.1 Introduction to Programming

8.1 Introduction to Programming

8.1 Introduction to Programming

What is Programming ???

Computer Program - Example

What is a Programming Language ???

Languages that are used for

Writing games Writing application programs (like Excel)

8.1.2 Types of Programming Language

(1) Low-level Language

These programs are not easily portable to other types of computer.

Low-level Language Two Types

Low-level Language Machine

Low-level Language Machine

Low-level Language Assembly

Low-level Language Assembly

Low-level Language Assembly

Disadvantages: programs are lengthy. Machine-dependent not portable.

Low-level Language Assembly

(2) High-level Language

8.1.3 Programming Language Paradigm

to the approach they use to solve a problem.

FORTRAN COBOL BASIC C Pascal Ada

Smaltalk C++ Visual Basic Java C# F#

8.1 Introduction to Programming

8.2 Approach in Problem Solving

8.2 Approach in Problem Solving

Problem Solving Everyday in Life

Problem Solving in Programming

8.2.1 Input Process Output (IPO) Analysis

The IPO is used to analyze problems and develop algorithms

8.2.1 Input Process Output (IPO) Analysis

8.2.1 Input Process Output (IPO) Analysis

8.2.1 Input Process Output (IPO) Analysis

8.2.1 Input Process Output (IPO) Analysis

Analyze the Problem

Analyze the Problem

We can summarize the information contained in the problem statement as follows

Analyze the Problem

Analyze the Problem

Analyze the Problem

We can summarize the information contained in the problem statement as follows...

Analyze the Problem

Analyze the Problem

average = (number1 + number2 + number3) / 3 Algorithm:

Analyze the Problem

Analyze the Problem

Analyze the Problem

Total cost of durians

Analyze the Problem

Analyze the Problem

Process: rate 5% Output:

From Algorithms to Programs

sanggagakputih.blogspot.com C++ Program

Algorithm in everydays life

Algorithm in everydays life

Planning the Algorithm

Identify Input : Process : Output :

b. Must close with an end

TECHNIQUES TO REPRESENT THE ALGORITHM 1.Pseudo code 2.Flow Chart

TECHNIQUES TO REPRESENT THE ALGORITHM

xample of Pseudocode & Flow chart