Colligative Properties

 Colligative Properties are those

properties that depend on how much
solute is dissolved in a solvent. They do
not depend on what that solute is.
 (They depend on quantity, not identity.)
identity
 Colligative Properties include vapor
pressure lowering, freezing point
depression (lowering) & boiling point
elevation.
 Colligative Properties
(cont’d)
 Colligative properties occur because the solute
molecules “get in the way” of the solvent
molecules & keep them from freezing, boiling,
etc.
 The solute molecules make the concentration
of solvent molecules lower,
lower so there are fewer
solvent molecules available to boil, freeze, etc.

 The formulas include:

 Freezing point depression: ∆ T = K ∙ m ∙ i
f f
(i is vant hoff factor= # particles it breaks into)
 Boiling Point Elevation: ∆ T = K ∙ m ∙ i
b b
 Boiling Point Elevation
 Attractive forces exist between the
solvent and solute particles.
 It takes additional kinetic energy for the
solvent particles to overcome the
attractive forces that keep them in the
liquid.
 Thus, the presence of a solute elevates
the boiling point of the solvent.
 The magnitude of the boiling point
elevation is proportional to the
number of solute particles dissolved in
 Freezing Point Depression
 When a substance freezes, the
particles of the solid take on an
orderly pattern.
pattern
 The presence of a solute disrupts
the formation of this pattern.
 More kinetic energy must be
withdrawn from a solution than
from pure solvent for it to freeze or
solidify.
k = -1.86 °C/m
 Electrolytes
 Electrolytes influence colligative
properties based on the amount of ions
that form in solution.
 EX: If 1 m NaCl is added to water, it
will change freezing & boiling point by
an amount equal to almost 2 m of
solute.
 Each NaCl breaks down into Na+ & Cl-
leaving double the amount of ions in
solution. The effect is influenced by the
type of ion & amount of
 Example Problem
 Determine the freezing point of a
water solution of fructose
(C6H12O6)made by dissolving 58.0 g of
fructose in 185 g of water. (kf = -1.86)
 58.0 gC6H12O6 1 mole C6H12O6 = 0.322
mol
1 180 g C6H12O6
0.322 mol = 1.74 m
0.185 kg
∆ tf = -1.86 (1.74) ∆ tf = -3.24
 Another One!
 Determine the molality of a solution of
ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH) if the
solution’s freezing point is –6.40 C. (kf =
-1.86)
∆ tf = Kf m
-6.40 = -1.86 (m) m = 3.44 m
 What mass of ethylene glycol would you
dissolve in 500 g water to prepare this
solution?
molar mass = 62 g/mol
 Last One!
 A water solution contains 42.9 g of calcium
nitrate in 500 g water. Calculate the freezing
point of the solution.
42.9 g Ca(NO3)2 1 mol Ca(NO3)2 = 0.262mol
1 164 g Ca(NO3)2

0.262 mol = 0.524 m

0.500 kg

∆ tf = Kf m x i ∆ tf = -1.86 (0.524)x3 =
-2.92
0 – 2.92 = -2.92 °C
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