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The Islamic University of Gaza

Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Hydraulics - ECIV 3322
Chapter 4
Pipelines and Pipe Networks
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Introduction
Any water conveying system may include
the following elements:
pipes (in series, pipes in parallel)
elbows
valves
other devices.
If all elements are connected in series,
The arrangement is known as a pipeline.
Otherwise, it is known as a pipe network.
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How to solve flow problems
Calculate the total head loss (major and
minor) using the methods of chapter 2
Apply the energy equation (Bernoullis
equation)
This technique can be applied for
different systems.
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Flow Through A Single Pipe
(simple pipe flow)
A simple pipe flow: It is a
flow takes place in one pipe
having a constant diameter
with no branches.

This system may include bends, valves,
pumps and so on.
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Simple pipe flow
(1)
(2)
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To solve such system:
Apply Bernoullis equation


where
p L
h h z
g
V P
z
g
V P
+ + + = + +
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
2 2
(1)
(2)

+ = + =
g
V
K
g
V
D
fL
h h h
L m f L
2 2
2 2
For the same material and constant diameter (same f , same V) we can write:
(

+ = + =
L
Total
m f L
K
D
fL
g
V
h h h
2
2
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Example
Determine the difference in the elevations between the water surfaces in
the two tanks which are connected by a horizontal pipe of diameter 30
cm and length 400 m. The rate of flow of water through the pipe is 300
liters/sec. Assume sharp-edged entrance and exit for the pipe. Take the
value of f = 0.032. Also, draw the HGL and EGL.
Z
1 Z

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Compound Pipe flow
When two or more pipes with different
diameters are connected together head to
tail (in series) or connected to two common
nodes (in parallel)

The system is called compound pipe flow
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Flow Through Pipes in Series
pipes of different lengths and different
diameters connected end to end (in series) to
form a pipeline
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Discharge:The discharge through each pipe is the same


Head loss: The difference in liquid surface levels is equal to the sum
of the total head loss in the pipes:
3 3 2 2 1 1
V A V A V A Q = = =
L B
B B
A
A A
h z
g
V P
z
g
V P
+ + + = + +
2 2
2 2

3 3 2 2 1 1
V A V A V A Q = = =
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L B
B B
A
A A
h z
g
V P
z
g
V P
+ + + = + +
2 2
2 2

H h z z
L B A
= =
Where

= =
+ =
4
1
3
1 j
mj
i
fi L
h h h
g
V
K
g
V
K
g
V
K
g
V
K
g
V
D
L
f h
exit enl c ent
i
i
i
i
i L
2 2 2 2 2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
1
2
+ + + + =

=
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Example
Two new cast-iron pipes in series connect two reservoirs. Both pipes
are 300 m long and have diameters of 0.6 m and 0.4 m, respectively.
The elevation of water surface in reservoir A is 80 m. The discharge of
10
o
C water from reservoir A to reservoir B is 0.5 m
3
/sec.
Find the elevation of the surface of reservoir B.
Assume a sudden contraction at the junction and a square-edge
entrance.
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,

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Flow Through Parallel Pipes
If a main pipe divides into two
or more branches and again
join together downstream to
form a single pipe, then the
branched pipes are said to be
connected in parallel
(compound pipes).

Points A and B are called
nodes.
Q
1
, L
1
, D
1
, f
1
Q
2
, L
2
, D
2
, f
2
Q
3
, L
3
, D
3
, f
3
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Discharge:


Head loss: the head loss for each branch is the same

=
= + + =
3
1
3 2 1
i
i
Q Q Q Q Q
Q
1
, L
1
, D
1
, f
1
Q
2
, L
2
, D
2
, f
2
Q
3
, L
3
, D
3
, f
3
3 2 1 f f f L
h h h h = = =
g
V
D
L
f
g
V
D
L
f
g
V
D
L
f
2 2 2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
= =
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Example
Determine the flow in each pipe and the flow in the main pipe if Head loss
between A & B is 2m & f=0.01
Solution
( ) /s m . . .

A V Q
m/s . V
.
V
.
.

g
V
.
D
L
f
3 3
2
1 1 1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
10 15 3 506 2 04 0
4
506 2
2
81 9 2 04 0
25
01 0
2
2

= = =
=
=

=
2
2 1
= =
f f
h h
( )
/s m . Q Q Q
/s m . . .

Q
m/s . V
.
V
.
.

g
V
.
D
L
f
3 3
2 1
3 3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
10 17 8
10 02 5 557 2 05 0
4
557 2
81 9 2 05 0
30
01 0
2
2

= + =
= =
=


=
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Example
The following figure shows pipe system from cast iron steel. The main pipe
diameter is 0.2 m with length 4m at the end of this pipe a Gate Valve is
fixed as shown. The second pipe has diameter 0.12m with length 6.4m, this
pipe connected to two bends R/D = 2.0 and a globe valve. Total Q in the
system = 0.26 m3/s at T=10oC. Determine Q in each pipe at fully open
valves.
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2
2
0314 0
2
2 0
m .
.
A
a
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
0113 0
2
12 0
m .
.
A
b
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
b a
b a b b a a
h h
V . V . V A V A m .
Q Q Q
=
+ = + =
+ =
0113 0 0314 0 26 0
3
2 1
g
V
.
g
V
D
L
f h
a a
a
a
a a
2
15 0
2
2 2
+ =
( )
g
V
g
V
.
g
V
D
L
f h
b b b
b
b
b b
2
10
2
19 0 2
2
2 2 2
+ + =
Solution
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g
V
.
.
.
f
g
V
.
.
f
b
b
a
a
2
10 38 0
12 0
4 6
2
15 0
2 0
4
2 2
(

+ +
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
| | | |
2 2
38 10 33 53 15 0 20
b b a a
V . f . V . f + = +
0255 . 0
0185 . 0
b
a
=
=
f
f
( ) | | ( ) | |
2 2
38 10 0255 0 33 53 15 0 0185 0 20
b a
V . . . V . . + = +
b a
V . V 719 4 =
m/s . V
m/s . V
b
a
630 1
693 7
=
=
V . V . V A V A m .
b b b b a a
0113 0 ) 719 . 4 ( 0314 0 26 0
3
+ = + =
( )
( ) /s m . . . V A Q
/s m . . . V A Q
b b b
a a a
3
3
018 0 630 1 0113 0
242 0 693 7 0314 0
= = =
= = =
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Example
Determine the flow rate in each pipe (f=0.015)
Also, if the two pipes are replaced with one pipe of the same length
determine the diameter which give the same flow.

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Group work Example
Four pipes connected in parallel as shown. The following details
are given:
Pipe L (m) D (mm) f
1 200 200 0.020
2 300 250 0.018
3 150 300 0.015
4 100 200 0.020
If Z
A
= 150 m , Z
B
= 144m, determine the discharge in
each pipe ( assume P
A
=P
B
= P
atm
)
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Group work Example
Two reservoirs with a difference in water levels of 180 m and are connected
by a 64 km long pipe of 600 mm diameter and f of 0.015. Determine the
discharge through the pipe. In order to increase this discharge by 50%,
another pipe of the same diameter is to be laid from the lower reservoir for
part of the length and connected to the first pipe (see figure below).
Determine the length of additional pipe required.
=180m
Q
N
Q
N1
Q
N2
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Pipe line with negative Pressure
(siphon phenomena)
Long pipelines laid to transport water from one reservoir to
another over a large distance usually follow the natural contour of
the land.
A section of the pipeline may be raised to an elevation that is
above the local hydraulic gradient line (siphon phenomena) as
shown:

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Definition:
It is a long bent pipe which is used to transfer liquid
from a reservoir at a higher elevation to another
reservoir at a lower level when the two reservoirs are
separated by a hill or high ground
Occasionally, a section of the pipeline may be
raised to an elevation that is above the local HGL.
(siphon phenomena)
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Siphon happened in the following cases:
To carry water from one reservoir to another
reservoir separated by a hill or high ground
level.
To take out the liquid from a tank which is not
having outlet
To empty a channel not provided with any
outlet sluice.
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Characteristics of this system
Point S is known as the summit.
All Points above the HGL have pressure less
than atmospheric (negative value)
If the absolute pressure is used then the
atmospheric absolute pressure = 10.33 m
It is important to maintain pressure at all
points ( above H.G.L.) in a pipeline above the
vapor pressure of water (not be less than
zero Absolute )
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L
S S
S p
L S
S S
p
p p
h
P
g
V
Z Z
h Z
P
g
V
Z
P
g
V
+ + =
+ + + = + +

2
2 2
2
2
2
A
S
-ve value
Must be -ve value ( below the atmospheric pressure)
Negative pressure exists in the pipelines wherever the pipe line is raised above the
hydraulic gradient line (between P & Q)
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The negative pressure at the summit point can reach theoretically
-10.3 m water head (gauge pressure) and zero (absolute pressure)
But in the practice water contains dissolved gasses that will vaporize
before -10.3 m water head which reduces the pipe flow cross
section.
Generally, this pressure reach to -7.6m water head (gauge pressure)
and 2.7m (absolute pressure)
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Example
Siphon pipe between two pipe has diameter of 20cm and length
500m as shown. The difference between reservoir levels is 20m.
The distance between reservoir A and summit point S is 100m.
Calculate the flow in the system and the pressure head at summit.
f=0.02
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Solution
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Pumps may be needed in a pipeline to lift water
from a lower elevation or simply to boost the rate
of flow. Pump operation adds energy to water in
the pipeline by boosting the pressure head

The computation of pump installation in a
pipeline is usually carried out by separating the
pipeline system into two sequential parts, the
suction side and discharge side.

Pumps
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L s R P
h H H H =
See example 4.5

Pumps design will be
discussed in details in
next chapters
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Branching in pipes occur when water is brought by pipes to a
junction when more than two pipes meet.
This system must simultaneously satisfy two basic conditions:
1 The total amount of water brought by pipes to a junction must equal to
that carried away from the junction by other pipes.

2 All pipes that meet at the junction must share the same pressure at the
junction. Pressure at point J = P

Branching pipe systems

= 0 Q
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Three-reservoirs problem
(Branching System)
How we can demonstrate the hydraulics of branching
pipe System??
by the classical three-reservoirs problem
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This system must satisfy:
Q
3
=Q
1
+Q
2
2) All pipes that meet at junction J must share the
same pressure at the junction.
1) The quantity of water brought to junction J is equal
to the quantity of water taken away from the junction:
Flow Direction????
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Types of three-reservoirs problem:
Type 1:
given the lengths , diameters, and materials of all pipes involved;
D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, L
1
, L
2
, L
3
, and c or f
given the water elevation in each of the three reservoirs,
Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
3

determine the discharges to or from each reservoir,
Q
1
, Q
2
,and Q
3
.
Two types
This types of problems are most conveniently
solved by trail and error
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First assume a piezometric surface elevation, P , at the junction.
This assumed elevation gives the head losses hf
1
, hf
2
, and hf
3

From this set of head losses and the given pipe diameters, lengths,
and material, the trail computation gives a set of values for
discharges Q
1
, Q
2
,and Q
3
.
If the assumed elevation P is correct, the computed Qs should
satisfy:

Otherwise, a new elevation P is assumed for the second trail.
The computation of another set of Qs is performed until the above
condition is satisfied.
Q Q Q Q = + =

1 2 3
0
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Note:
It is helpful to plot the computed trail values of P against .
The resulting difference may be either plus or minus for each
trail.
However, with values obtained from three trails, a curve may
be plotted as shown in the next example.
The correct discharge is indicated by the
intersection of the curve with the vertical axis.
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Example
AJ BJ CJ Pipe
1000 4000 2000 Length m
30 50 40 Diameter cm
0.024 0.021 0.022 f
In the following figure determine the flow in each pipe
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Trial 1
Z
P
= 110m
Applying Bernoulli Equation between A , J :
g
V
g
V
D
L
f Z Z
P A
2 3 . 0
1000
024 . 0 110 120
2
.
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
= =
V1 = 1.57 m/s , Q1 = 0.111 m3/s
g
V
g
V
D
L
f Z Z
B P
2 5 . 0
4000
021 . 0 100 110
2
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= =
V2 = 1.08 m/s , Q2 = - 0.212 m3/s
Applying Bernoulli Equation between B , J :
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g
V
g
V
D
L
f Z Z
C P
2 4 . 0
2000
022 . 0 80 110
2
.
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
= =
Applying Bernoulli Equation between C , J :
V3 = 2.313 m/s , Q2 = - 0.291 m3/s
0 392 . 0 291 . 0 212 . 0 111 . 0
3 2 1
= = = + + =

Q Q Q Q
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Trial 2
Z
P
= 100m
0 / 08 . 0 237 . 0 0 157 . 0
3
3 2 1
= = + = + + =

s m Q Q Q Q
Trial 3
Z
P
= 90m
0 / 324 . 0 168 . 0 3 . 0 192 . 0
3
3 2 1
= = + = + + =

s m Q Q Q Q
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Draw the relationship between and P
Q
99m P at 0 = =

Q
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Type 2:
Given the lengths , diameters, and materials of all pipes involved;
D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, L
1
, L
2
, L
3
, and c or f

Given the water elevation in any two reservoirs,
Z
1
and Z
2
(for example)

Given the flow rate from any one of the reservoirs,
Q
1
or Q
2
or Q
3


Determine the elevation of the third reservoir Z
3
(for example) and the rest of Qs
This types of problems can be solved by simply using:
Bernoullis equation for each pipe
Continuity equation at the junction.
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Example
In the following figure determine the flow in pipe BJ & pipe CJ. Also,
determine the water elevation in tank C
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( )
m . Z
.
.
.
. Z
g
V
.
D
L
f Z Z
m/s .
.

.
A
Q
V
P
P P A
475 36
81 9 2
849 0
3 0
1200
024 0 40
2
849 0
3 0
4
06 0
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
=

= =
= = =
Solution
/s m 0.0203 Q 0.645m/s V
9.81 2
V
0.2
600
0.024 36.475 38
2g
V
.
D
L
Z Z
3
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 P B
= =

= = f
Applying Bernoulli Equation between B , J :
Applying Bernoulli Equation between A , J :
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m Z
g g
V
D
L
f Z Z
c
C P
265 . 32
2
136 . 1
3 . 0
800
024 . 0 Z - 6.475 3
2
.
2
c
2
3
3
3
3
=
= =
Applying Bernoulli Equation between C , J :
s m Q Q Q
Q Q Q Q
/ 0803 . 0 0203 . 0 06 . 0
0
3
2 1 3
3 2 1
= = =
= + + =

( )
s m
A
Q
V / 136 . 1
3 . 0
4
0803 . 0
2
3
3
3
= = =
t
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Group Work
AC AB
AC AB
BD BC
BD BC AB
V V
V V
Q Q
Q Q Q
125 . 1
3 . 0 2 4 . 0
0
2
4
2
4
=
=
=
= + =
t t
s m Q s m V
s m Q Q s m V
V V
V V
g
V
g
V
h h
AB AB
BD BC BC
BC BC
BC AB
AB AB
BC AB
/ 31 . 0 / 5 . 2
/ 155 . 0 / 2 . 2
10 816 . 0 ) 125 . 1 ( 55 . 2
10 7 . 1 55 . 2
10
2 3 . 0
1000
01 . 0
2 4 . 0
2000
01 . 0
10
3
3
2 2
2 2
= =
= = =
= +
= +
= +
= +
01 . 0 = f
Find the flow in each pipe
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:
,
,
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Power Transmission Through Pipes
Power is transmitted through pipes by the
water (or other liquids) flowing through them.

The power transmitted depends upon:
(a) the weight of the liquid flowing through the pipe
(b) the total head available at the end of the pipe.
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What is the power available at the end B of
the pipe?

What is the condition for maximum
transmission of power?
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Total head (energy per unit weight) H of fluid is
given by:
time
Weight
x
weight
Energy
time
Energy
Power
Z
P
g
V
H
= =
+ + =
2
2
Q Q g
time
Weight
= =
Therefore:
Power Q H =
Units of power:
N . m/s = Watt
745.7 Watt = 1 HP (horse power)
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For the system shown in the figure, the following can be stated:
( )
m f
m
f
h h H Q
Q h
Q h
Q H
=
=
=
=
Power Exit At
loss minor to due dissipated Power
friction to due dissipated Power
Power Entrance At
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Condition for Maximum Transmission of Power:
The condition for maximum transmission of power occurs when :
0 =
dV
dP
] [
m f
h h H Q P =
Neglect minor losses and use
V D AV Q ]
4
[
2
t
= =
So
]
2
[
4
3
2
g
V
D
L
f HV D P =
t

0 ]
2
3
[
4
2 2
= = V
Dg
fL
H D
dV
dP t

f
h
g
V
D
fL
H 3
2
3
2
= =
3
H
h
f
=
Power transmitted through a pipe is maximum when the loss of head due
of the total head at the inlet
3
1

to friction equal
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Maximum Efficiency of Transmission of Power:
Efficiency of power transmission is defined as q
inlet at the supplied Power
outlet at the available Power
= q
H
h h H
QH
h h H Q
m f m f
] [ ] [
=

=

q
or
H
h H
f
] [
= q
Maximum efficiency of power transmission occurs when
3
H
h
f
=
% 67 . 66
3
2
]
3
[
max
= =

=
H
H
H
q
(If we neglect minor losses)

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Example
Pipe line has length 3500m and Diameter 0.5m is used to transport
Power Energy using water. Total head at entrance = 500m. Determine
the maximum power at the Exit. F = 0.024
( )
f out
h H Q P =
m
H
h
f
3
500
3
at Power Max. = =
g
V
.
.
g
V
D
L
f h
f
2 3 0
3500
024 0
2
2 2
= =
m/s 3.417 V=
( ) ( ) /s m . . . AV Q

3
2
4
2415 0 417 3 3 0 = = =
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{ }
( )( ) ( )
HP
.
tt) N.m/s (Wa
. .
H gQ
H
H gQ
h H Q P
f
1059
7 745
789785
789785
500 2415 0 81 9 1000
3
3
2
3
2
= = =
=
=
(

=
=