Arithmetic progression In mathematics, an arithmetic progression (AP) or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers such that the difference between

the consecutive terms is constant. For instance, the sequence 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, is an arithmetic progression with common difference of 2. If the initial term of an arithmetic progression is and the common difference of successive members is d, then the nth term of the sequence ( ) is given by: and in general A finite portion of an arithmetic progression is called a finite arithmetic progression and sometimes just called an arithmetic progression. The sum of a finite arithmetic progression is called anarithmetic series. The behavior of the arithmetic progression depends on the common difference d. If the common difference is: Positive, the members (terms) will grow towards positive infinity. Negative, the members (terms) will grow towards negative infinity.

 The earliest written records indicate the Egyptians and Babylonians used all the

elementary arithmetic operations as early as 2000 BC. These artifacts do not always reveal the specific process used for solving problems, but the characteristics of the particular numeral system strongly influence the complexity of the methods. The hieroglyphic system for Egyptian numerals, like the later Roman numerals, descended from tally marks used for counting. In both cases, this origin resulted in values that used a decimal base but did not include positional notation. Complex calculations with Roman numerals required the assistance of a counting board or the Roman abacus to obtain the results. Early number systems that included positional notation were not decimal, including the sexagesimal (base 60) system for Babylonian numerals and the vigesimal (base 20) system that defined Maya numerals. Because of this place-value concept, the ability to reuse the same digits for different values contributed to simpler and more efficient methods of calculation.

This section is about Finite arithmetic series. For Infinite arithmetic series, see Infinite arithmetic series.
The sum of the members of a finite arithmetic progression is called an arithmetic series. Expressing the arithmetic series in two different ways:
:

Adding both sides of the two equations, all terms involving d cancel: Dividing both sides by 2 produces a common form of the equation: An alternate form results from re-inserting the substitution:

In 499 AD Aryabhata, a prominent mathematician-astronomer from the classical age of Indian mathematics and India astronomy, gave this method in the Aryabhatiya (section 2.18).[1] So, for example, the sum of the terms of the arithmetic progression given by an = 3 + (n-1)(5) up to the 50th term is

The product of the members of a finite arithmetic progression with an initial element a1, common differences d, and n elements in total is determined in a closed expression

where

denotes the rising factorial and

denotes the Gamma function.

This is a generalization from the fact that the product of the progression is given by the factorial and that the product

Taking the example from above, the product of the terms of the arithmetic progression given by an = 3 + (n-1)(5) up to the 50th term is

Made by:Manpreet
Submitted to:Mrs Shashi Malhotra

 Consider the first term as a1, second term as a2 and so on,

till the last term is an. Last term is an and the difference between the term is d. The last term is an, because we do not know how many terms are in between the first and the last term. This can be represented by a1, a2, a3, , an. So, a3a2 = a2-a1 = d. The last term an is also called as nth term or general term. It is also denoted by l. an = a + (n-1)d Where a is the first term. d is the common difference n is the number of terms

 There are 2 kinds of arithmetic progressions, namely:

Finite arithmetic progression: In this A.P, you can find

that the first term and the last term are available. Example: 1, 2, 4 10, which means that the first term is 1 and the last term is 10. Infinite arithmetic progression: In this A.P, you can find that the first few terms are given, but we do not know where it will end. Example: 1, 3, 5, 7 here, the first few terms are available, but the last term is not.

 The basic arithmetic operations are addition,

subtraction, multiplication and division, although this subject also includes more advanced operations, such as manipulations of percentages, square roots, exponentiation, and logarithmic functions. Arithmetic is performed according to an order of operations. Any set of objects upon which all four arithmetic operations (except division by zero) can be performed, and where these four operations obey the usual laws, is called a field.

 Let us consider the following set of members :

1, 5, 9, 13, 17. 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 .. -5, 0, 5, 10, 15 1.3, 1.6, 1.9, 2.2 .. All these sets follow certain rules. In first set 5 - 1 = 9 - 5 = 13 - 9 = 17 - 13 = 4 In second set 12 - 9 = 15 - 12 = 18 - 15 = 21 - 18 = 3 and so on. In first set the number after 17 in 17 + 4 = 21 and in second set number after 21 is 21 + 3 = 24. In this way we find that in first set second number is 1+ 4 = 5, third number is 5 + 4 = 9 = 1 + 2 x 4 and so on.

 On the basis of above discussion we can consider the following series a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ......................... Here a = 1, d = 4 a+d=1+4=5

a + 2d = 1 + 2 x 4 = 9
and so on Thus we can say that a = First term

a + d = Second term
a + 2d = Third term a + 3d = Fourth term and son on nth term = a + (n - 1)d

Here First term = t1 = a

Second term = t2 = a + d

Which term of the arithmetic progression: 3, 8, 13, 18. . . is 78? Solution: Given 3, 8, 13, 18. Here first term a = a1 = 3 Common difference d = a2 a = 8 3 = 5. We know that an = a + (n-1)d 78 = 3 + (n-1)5 78 3 = (n-1)5 75 = (n-1)5 15 = n-1 n = 16 Therefore 16th term is 78

 Determine the AP whose third term is 16 and the 7th term exceeds the

5th term by 12. Solution: Let a and d be the first term and common difference of the AP. Given third term a3 = 16 7th term exceeds 5th term by 12. a7 a5 = 12 (a+(7-1)d) (a+(5-1)d) = 12 (a+6d)-(a+4d) = 12 a + 6d a 4d = 12 2d = 12 d=6 Therefore second term a2 = a3 d = 16 6 = 10 First term a = a2 d = 10 6 = 4 Therefore AP is 4, 10, 16..

 Subba Rao started work in 1995 at an annual salary of Rs 5000 and

received an increment of Rs 200 each year. In which year did his income reach Rs 7000? Solution: Initial salary a = Rs 5000 Increment every year d = Rs 200 Final salary an = Rs 7000 Number of years n =? an = a + (n-1)d 7000 = 5000 + (n-1)200 7000 5000 = (n-1)200 2000 = (n-1)200 10 = n-1 11 = n n = 11. Therefore at 11th year, his income will reach Rs 7000.

 AP - Arithmetic Progression Calculator is an online tool

used to calculate the Sum of n terms of an Arithmetic Sequence and to find out the nth term of the arithmetic. A Progression is the succession of numbers formed and arranged in a definite order according to the certain definite rule. Whereas If each term of a progression differ from its preceding term by a constant, then such a progression is called an arithmetic progression and the constant different is called the common difference of the AP denoted by d. An AP with first term a and common difference d is give by a, (a + d), (a + 2d), ...

 To find the nth term of the Arithmetic Progression,

Let a be the 1st term and d the common difference Therefore a1 = a

== a+ (1-1) d a2 = a + d == a + ( 2-1) d a3 = a + 2d == a + ( 3-1) d .. . Hence, an = a + (n-1) d == a + (n-1) d and, the nth term of an A.P. is an = a + ( n-1) d

 An arithmetic sequence is a sequence such that each

successive term is obtained from the previous term by addition or subtraction of a fixed number called a common difference. The sequence 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, ... is an example of an arithmetic sequence. The pattern is that we are always adding a fixed number of three to the previous term to get to the next term.
Be careful don't think that every sequence that has a pattern in addition is arithmetic. It is arithmetic if it is added to the SAME number each time.

 Here is a sequence of numbers:

4, 10, 16, 22, 28 a) Write down the next two terms of the sequence. b) Write down an expression for the nth term of this sequence. c) Work out the 50th term of the sequence

 From looking at the sequence we can see that each term is 6 larger than the previous

term. We say the term-to-term rule is "add 6". Therefore the next two terms are 34 and 40. b) The nth term of a sequence is always written in the form "?n + ?". The number in front of the "n" is always the difference to get from one term to the next. Since the difference is 6, the first part of our rule will be "6n". The rule follows the six times table: 6, 12, 18, 24... etc. Now compare the 6 times table with our rule: 6 x table 6 12 18 24 30 Sequence 4 10 16 22 28 The numbers in the sequence are always 2 less than the 6 times table so we "adjust" our rule by subtracting 2. Now putting this together gives us: nth term = 6n - 2.
c) Now we know the nth term = 6n - 2 we just need to substitute n = 50 in order to

find the 50th term of the sequence. So: The 50th term = 6 x 50 - 2 = 300 2=298

 To find the sum of the first n terms of an AP: a, a+d, a+2d The nth term of this AP is a+(n-1)d. Let S denote the sum of the

first n terms of the AP. We have

S = a+(a+d)+(a+2d)+..+[a+(n-1)d]
Rewriting the terms in reverse order, we have

(1)

S= [a+(n-1)d]+[a+(n-2)d]+..+(a+d)+a
On adding (1) and (2), term-wise. We get

(2)

2S=[2a+(n-1)d]+[2a(n-1)d]+.+[2a(n-1)d]+[2a(n-1)d]

or,

2S= n[2a(n-1)d] or, n/2 [2a(n-1)d]

(since, there are n terms)

So, the sum of the first n terms of an AP is given by

S= n/2 [2a(n-1)d]
We can also write this as S= n/2 (a+an) or S= n/2(a+l) {an= l, last term}

This form of result is useful when the first and last terms of an

AP are given and the common difference is not given.

In the formula Sn = n/2[2a + (n-1)d], there are four quantities viz. Sn, a, n and d.

If any three of these are known, the fourth can be

determined. Sometimes two of these quantities are given,

in such cases remaining two quantities are provided by some other relation.

In the sum Sn of n terms of a sequence is given ,then nth

term an of the sequence can be determined by using the formula an = Sn-S(n-1)

An Arithmetic Progression is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by adding a fixed number to the preceding term except the first term . The fixed number is called the Common Difference of the AP . It can be positive , negative or zero .

*The general *

form of an AP is a ,a + d , a+2 d ,a+3d ,......

In an AP with first term a and common difference d , the nth term ( or the general term ) is given by an = a + (n-1) d.

The sum of the first n terms of an AP is given by;S=n/2 [2a +(n-1) d]

If l is the last term of the finite AP , say the nth term , then the sum of all terms of the AP is given by ;S=n/2 (a+l)

If a, b, c are in AP , then b= a +c /2 and b is called the arithmetic mean of a and c .