Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
2
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
3
Background to GSM
1G : Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
Analog, Circuit Switched, FDMA, FDD
GSM History
1987:
Initial MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) aside the drafting of technical specifications was signed by network operators of 13 countries: Validation and trials, of the radio interface. First system trials are demonstrated at the Telecom 91 exhibition.
1999:
1988:
2000:
1991:
GSM Specifications
12 SERIES OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
11 SERIES EQUIPMENT AND TYPE APPROVAL SPECIFICATIONS 01 SERIES GENERAL 02 SERIES SERVICE ASPECTS 03 SERIES NETWORK ASPECTS
05 SERIES PHYSICAL LAYER ON THE RADIO PATH. 06 SERIES SPEECH CODING SPECIFICATIONS
E/GPRS
web
photo
ISDN PSTN
e-mail web
photo
web
photo
GSM
0
web
photo
10 sec
1 min
10 min
1 hour
Transmission Time
GPRS = General Packet Radio Service HSCSD = High Speed Circuit Switched Data EDGE = Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution UMTS = Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
throughput kbps
100 k
64 k
EDGE
HSCSD
UMTS
10 k
14.4 9.6
GPRS
1k
Circuit-Switched or Packet-Switched
Circuit mode
Packet mode B
A
A
F
A
C
C
D A C
G H F
C D A C D A
G H
G H F
G H F
C
11
Duplex Technique
Duplex - How the up link and Down link of a user is separated FDD - Frequency Division Duplex
(eg:In GSM the up link and down link of a user is separated by 45MHz )
13
15
Duplex Spacing
Duplex channels
450.4-457.6 478.8-486
824-849
10 10
45 45 41
95 80
35 35
124
2x25 45
124 174 40
374 299
GSM 450
GSM 480
GSM 850
Downlink
Uplink
876 880
460.4
467.6
488.8
496
869
894
MHz
915 915
890
915
P-GSM
1710
1785
1850
1910
E-GSM
R-GSM 921 925 935 960 960 960 1805
GSM 1800
GSM 1900
1880
1930
1990
MHz
Downlink
Traffic/Signaling Traffic
bla bla bla...
Signaling
RING !
riiiiing
Network
MS
MS BTS
AuC
F
EIR
BSC Um BTS
890 - 915 MHz 935 - 960MHz 45MHz 200KHz 124 8 13Kbps GMSK 270.833333 Kbps FDMA/TDMA RPE-LTP-LPC
20
Downlink
Frequency
BTS
960 MHz
channel #
channel #
124
Duplex spacing = 45 MHz Frequency band spectrum = 2 x 25 MHz Channel spacing = 200 kHz
21
TDMA frame
TDMA frame
TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
Time
0 4.615 ms 9.23 ms
Physical Channel
BTS With FH
time
BTS Without FH
n+1
TDMAs
n TS
0 7
n-1 MS2
MS1
MS3
1
FDMA
//
124
ARFCN
Channel Decoding
Interleaving
De-interleaving
Ciphering
Deciphering
Burst Formatting
Burst De-formatting
Modulating
Demodulating
Access Techniques
Uplink 890 MHz to 915 MHz Down Link 935 MHz to 960 MHz 25 MHz divided into 125 channels of 200 KHz bandwidth
UP 890.0 890.2 890.4 914.8 915.0
DOWN 935.0
935.2
935.4
959.8
960.0
26
4.616 ms
28
Fundamentals
960 MHz 959.8MHz
124 123 . 2 1
DOWNLINK
200KHz
0 1
GSM utilizes two bands(TDMA of 25 MHz. Downlink frame)890-915 = 8 TS MHz band is used for uplink while the 935960 MHz is used for downlink. The frequency bands are divided into 200 KHz wide channels called ARFCNs (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Numbers) i.e. Data burst = 156.25 bit periods = 576.9s there are 125 ARFCNs out of which only 124 are used. Each ARFCN supports 8 users with each user transmitting / receiving on a particular time Delay 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 slot (TS).
2 3
4 5 6 7
124 123 . 2 1
45 MHz
UPLINK
200KHz
The technology
Therefore 1 TDMA frame = 156.25 x 8 = 1250 bits and has a duration of 576.92s x 8 = 4.615 ms 29
0
R Downlink TDMA
BTS
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
6
R
7
R
T Down link
T Up link
MSs side
MS1 R
MS2
Timing Advance
1 - Propagation Delay
M2
d2
d1>>d2
M1
TS0
TS1
TS2
TS3
TS4
TS5
TS6
TS7
Propagation Delay tp
Bits Overlapping
MSs transmit
TA
CAN
yes
WHEN the
WHAT ms-isdn
RX MS1 TX MS1 RX MS2 TX MS2 RX MS3 TX MS3 RX MS4 TX MS4 RX MS5 TX MS5 RX MS6 TX MS6 RX MS7 TX MS7 RX MS8 TX MS8
+3TS
WHAT GSM
yes
D
HOW
the
D
Propagation Delay
WHEN
ms-isdn
WHAT
32
RX MS1 TX MS1 RX MS2 TX MS2 RX MS3 TX MS3 RX MS4 TX MS4 RX MS5 TX MS5 RX MS6 TX MS6 RX MS7 TX MS7 RX MS8 TX MS8
CAN
+3TS - TA
WHAT
yes
D
GSM HOW
the ms-isdn
Propagation Delay
WHEN
WHAT
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
35
MS
MS BTS
AuC
F
EIR
BSC Um BTS
GSM Network
SS AUC HLR MSC MS Mobile Station BTS Base transceiver System BSC Base Station Controller MSC Mobile Switching Center BSS BSC HLR Home Location Register VLR Visitor Location Register BTS EIR Equipment Identity Register AUC Authentication Center MS OMC Operation And Maintenance Center EIR OMC
Switching System
VLR
GSM Architecture
GSM
Air interface B S C
Abis interface
VMSC
SMSC
A interface
HLR
MSC VLR EIR
AUC PSTN
TRAU B S C
OMCS
BTS
BTS
BTS
38
Mobile Equipment(ME)
Frequency and Time Synchronization Voice encoding and transmission Voice encryption/decryption functions Power measurements of adjacent cells Display of short messages International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI)
39
SIM
Portable Smart Card with memory (ROM-6KB to 16KB-A3/A8 algorithm, RAM- 128KB TO 256KB, EEPROM- 3KB to 8KB ) Static Information International Mobile Subscriber Identity(IMSI) Personal Identification Number (PIN) Authentication Key (Ki) Dynamic Information Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI) Location Area Identity (LAI) Phone memories, billing information Ability to store Short Messages received
40
GSM
Contains: - IMSI
SIM-Card
SIM-Card
Permanent data:
- Unique mobile subscriber identity through IMSI number and PIMSI for Packet Mode - Authentication parameter Ki, - Authentication algorithm A3, - Generating encryption key Kc algorithm A8, - PIN code.
GSM
Microchip with stored user information
Removable data:
- Temporary Mobile Subscriber Number, - Location Area Identification - Routing Area Identification (Packet mode)
Subscriber Identification
IMSI
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
MS - ISDN
Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network Nb Similar to ISDN, Conformity with E164/E213
National Significant Mobile Number
Nature
Format Meaning
MCC
Mobile Country Code
MNC
Mobile Network Code
MSIN
H1 H2 x x x ......... x x x
CC
NDC
SN
M1 M2 xx xx xx xx
Country National Mobile Subscriber Code (where Destination (national definition) subscription Code * M1 M2 = nbr of logical HLR has been made)
Nb. digits
max 10
1 to 3
2 to 4
total max 15
GSM
NMSI
LAI
Mobile Country Code
3 digits Mobile Network Code 2 digits
4 octets
RAI
Country Code
Country Code
HO-number
Is a PSTN-like number to track the MS that hands over to another MSC during call-in-state
TAC
Type Approval Code
FAC
SNR
Serial NumbeR
SP
(SPare)
TAC
Type Approval Code
FAC
SNR
Serial number
SP
(SPare)
MS Classmark
Power classes Classmark
Revision level RF power Encryption algorithm Frequency Short message
For GMSK modulation Class 1 2 3 4 5 GSM 400/850/900 8 W* 5W 2 W** 0.8 W GSM 1800 GSM 1900
LoCation Services
MS Positioning Method 8-PSK modulation Multi-slot class Multi-band * ** Typical value for car mounted Typical value for handheld
GSM GSM GSM 400/850/900 1800 1900 2W 1W 1W 0.5 W 0.4 W 0.4 W 0.2 W 0.16 W 0.16 W
50
52
Database that contains Subscriber parameters and location information for all mobile subscribers currently located in the geographical area controlled by that VLR Identity of Mobile Subscriber Copy of subscriber data from HLR Generates and allocates a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI) Location Area Code Provides necessary data when mobile originates call
53
54
55
Abis
LAPD
A
BSSAP
E
TUP
MAP
Um
LAPDm
MAP
C D
MAP
POTS
57
58
GSM Protocols
CM MM RR LAPDm LAPD BTSM BSSAP DTAP MAP MTP SCCP TCAP ISUP - Connection Management - Mobility Management - Radio resource - LAPD for mobile - Link Access Procedure for D channel - BTS Management Part - BSS Application Part (BSC - MSC) - Direct Transfer Application Part (MS - MSC) - Mobile Application Part - Message Transfer part of SS7 - Signalling Connection Control Part of SS7 - Transaction Capabilities Application Part - ISDN User Part
59
MS
BTS
BSC
MSC/VLR
HLR
GMSC
CC
MM
RR
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTIFIERS USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
61
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
62
63
Channel concept
Physical channel: One timeslot of a TDMA-frame on one carrier is referred to as a physical channel. There are 8 physical channels per carrier in GSM,channel 0-7(timeslot 0-7) Logical channel: A great variety of information must be transmitted between BTS and the MS,for e.g. user data and control signaling.Depending on the kind of information transmitted we refer to different logical channels.These logical
64
COMMON CHANNELS
DEDICATED CHANNELS
BROADCAST CHANNELS
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH/EFR 65
Logical channels
Logical channels
Control channels
BCH
CCCH
DCCH
Half rate
Synchronization Channel-SCH
This is used by the MS to synchronize to the TDMA frame structure within the particular cell. Listening to the SCH the MS receives the TDMA frame number and also the BSIC ( in the coded part- 39 bits). 67 Repeats once in every 10 frames.
Paging Channel-PCH
The information on this channel is a paging message including the MSs identity(IMSI/TMSI).This is transmitted on Downlink, point-to-multipoint.
70
71
Traffic Channels-TCH
TCH carries the voice data. Two blocks of 57 bits contain voice data in the normal burst. One TCH is allocated for every active call. Full rate traffic channel occupies one physical channel(one TS on a carrier) and carries voice data at 13kbps Two half rate (6.5kbps) TCHs can share one physical channel.
73
GSM Channels
GSM Channels Traffic Channels (TCHs)
Broadcast Channels (BCHs) Full rate Half rate
Control Channels
Downlink
Downlink
TCH /F
AGCH
CBCH
RACH SDCCH
FACCH
SACCH
Traffic Multiframing
Signaling Multiframing
Traffic Multiframing 74
BTS
FCCH Frequency correction Synchronization Broadcast control RACH Access request Subscriber paging Answer to Access request PCH AGCH FCCH CBCH Broadcast info Dedicated Signaling Sys InFo 5, 6 + SMS Traffic (speech data) TCH Associated Signaling
FACCH SDCCH SACCH SACCH SDCCH
MS
TCH Traffic (speech-data) SCH BCCH Radio Measurement + SMS Dedicated Signaling Broadcast info
FACCH
Associated Signaling
CBCH
M.S. Pre-synchronization
75
Measures:
Power Control
SMS
FACCH MESSAGES
Connection establishment from
SDCCH to TCH
SDCCH MESSAGES
Request for a SDCCH assignment Request for the end of channel
commutation
Characteristics of the future used BS
after handover
Connection establishment to BS after
assignment
Order of commutation from SDCCH to
handover
Validation of an handover
TCH
SMS
76
- frequency number - slot number - frequency hopping description - Timing Advance (1st estimation) - MS identification
CBCH MESSAGES
BCCH MESSAGES
System Information type 1, 2, 2bis,
Specific information
RACH MESSAGES
Service request:
PCH MESSAGES
messages containing a mobile
- emergency call - answer to an incoming call - outgoing call - short message - call re-establishment - inscription
77
Control channel
26 traffic frames = 120 ms 0 1326 frames 0 0 1 1 2 3 2 4 3 51 x 26 traffic frames = 6.12 s 26 x 51 control frames = 6.12 s 22 46 47 23 48 24 49 50 25 1 2 3 4 21 22 23 24 25 0 1 2 3 4 46 47 48 49 50
80
T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T
time
T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 A0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 A1
time
T : TCH
Ti : TCH
sub-channel no. i
A : SACCH
Ai : SACCH
sub-channel no. i
: IDLE
82
Downlink
51 frames = 235 ms
D0 D0
D1 D1
D2 D2
D3 D3
D4 D4
D5 D5
D6 D6
D7 D7
A0 A4
A1 A5
A2 A6
A3 A7
time
Uplink
51 frames = 235 ms
A5
A1
A6
A2
A7
A3
D0
D0
D1
D1
D2
D2
D3
D3
D4
D4
D5
D5 : IDLE
D6
D6
D7
D7
A0
A4
time
A : SACCH
D : SDCCH
83
Downlink
FS B C FS C C
FS
FS
FS
FS
B
time
PCH/AGCH
BTS
Uplink
Physical Channel
ARFCN (n) TS (s) SCH BCCH FCCH
MS
F : FCCH
S : SCH
B : BCCH
: PCH / C AGCH
time
R : RACH
: IDLE 84
FS FS
B B
C C
FS FS
C C
C C
FS FS
D0 D0
D1 D1
FS FS
D2 D2
D3 D3
FS FS
A0 A2
A1 A3
time
Uplink
51 frames = 235 ms
D3 D3
RR RR
A2 A0
A3 A1
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
D0
D1
RR
D2 D2
time
D0
D1
RR
: AGCH
R : RACH
A : SACCH
D : SDCCH
: IDLE 85
86
0 1
10
20
30
40
50 0 1
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
TTTTTTTTTTTTATTTTTTTTTTTT 01 12
TTTTTTTTTTTTATTTTTTTTTTT T 12 25
25 0 1
Rx (n)
Rx
Tx Rx Rx (n)
Tx
Rx (n)
Rx
Tx
Measurement Windows 87
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
88
Step 1
Source decoding
Channel decoding
Step 2
Interleaving
De-interleaving
Step 3
Burst formatting Burst deformatting
Step 4
Ciphering
Deciphering
Step 5
Modulation
Demodulation equalization
Step 6
Transmission
Diversity
89
90
91
Speech Coding
BP
BAND PASS 300 Hz 3.4 kHZ
A/D
Every 125 s value is sampled from analog signal and quantised by 13 bit word Data rate = 13/125*10 -6 = 104 kbps
SPEECH ENCODER
CHANNEL CODING
To modulator
Every 20ms 160 samples taken Data rate = 160 * 13/20ms = 104 kbps 3 crc bits
1A
1B
50
132
78
Four 0 bits for codec
50 3
132
78
1A = Filter Coeff block ampl, LTP params 1B = RPE pointers & pulses 2 = RPE pulse & filter params CHANNEL DECODING
LP
D/A
SPEECH DECODER
94
Speech blocks
20 ms
20 ms
A
Codec dependent
B
Codec dependent
C
Codec dependent
456 bits
456 bits
456 bits
A A A A 5 6 7 8
Interleaving
B B B B B B B B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C C C C 1 2 3 4
8 Bursts
A5 B1
A6 B2
A7 B3
A8 B4
B5 C1
B6 C2
B7 C3
B8 C4
Normal burst
57 bits
26 bits
57 bits
Tail
Information
CRL
Training
CRL
Information
Tail
95
96
Speech blocks
20 ms
20 ms
A
Codec dependent
B
Codec dependent
C
Codec dependent
Source coding
Channel coding
228 bits
228 bits
228 bits
A A A A 1 2 3 4
Interleaving
B B B B 1 2 3 4
C C C C 1 2 3 4
4 Bursts
A3 B1
A4 B2
B3 C1
B4 C2
Normal burst
97
0 8 448
1 9 449
2 10 450
3 11 451
4 12 452
5 13 453
6 14 454
7 15 455
57 Rows
3
diagonal interleaving
bit interleaving
burst
b0 b1 b56
b0 b1 b56
98
Burst Formatting
Normal Burst
1 frame: 4.615 ms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
DATA
Training sequence
DATA
Guard Band
3 8.25
57
57
Guard
99
Burst Formats
Frequency Correction Burst (FCCH)
Tail
3 bits
Data
142 fixed bits (0)
Tail
3 bits
Guard Period
100
Burst Formats
Normal Burst
Tail Data
1
Training Sequence
26 bits 1
Data
57 encrypted bits
Tail
Guard Period
Dummy Burst
Tail Dummy Sequence 3 bits 58 mixed bits Training Sequence 26 midamble bits Dummy Sequence Tail 58 mixed bits
Guard Period
Tail 8 bits
Access Burst
Data Tail Guard Period 68.25 bits 36 encrypted bits 3 bits 156.25 bits (0.577 ms)
101
Ciphering
Burst to be transmitted
Data S S Data
Plain data: Ciphering sequence: XOR: Ciphered data (transmitted): Ciphered sequence: XOR: Recovered data:
Received burst
Data
Training S sequence
Data
102
Interleaving
Encoded speech blocks - Diagonal Interleaving
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
57 57
Tb 3
Coded Data 57
F Training Sequence F 1 26 1
Coded Data 57
Tb 3
Gp 8.25
103
Burst
The information format transmitted during one timeslot in the TDMA frame is called a burst. Different Types of Bursts
Normal Burst Random Access Burst Frequency Correction Burst Synchronization Burst
104
Normal Burst
156.25 bits 0.577 ms
T 3
Coded Data 57
S 1
T. Seq. 26
S 1
Coded Data 57
T 3
GP 8.25
:Used as Guard Time :It is the Data part associated with the burst :This indicates whether the burst is carrying Signaling data (FACCH) or user info (TCH). :This is a fixed bit sequence known both to the BTS & the MS.This takes care of the signal deterioration.
105
156.25 bits 0.577 ms T 3 Training Sequence 41 Random Access Burst 156.25 bits 0.577 ms T 3 Fixed Bit Sequence 142 Freq. Correc. Burst T 3 GP 8.25 Coded Data 36 T 3 GP 68.25
Synchronization Burst
106
Uplink
MS > BTS
0
Offset
7
107
Timing Advance
MS1 0 near MS2 0 far
At BTS 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7
At BTS 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7
108
26-TDMA Multiframe
26 TDMA Frames (24 TCH, SACCH, Idle) 120 ms (26 * 4.62ms)
51-TDMA Multiframe
26 TDMA Frames (FCCH, SCH, BCCH, SDCCH, CCCH) 235.6 ms (51 * 4.62ms)
109
Hyper Frame
2048 * 51* 26 TDMA Frames 3 Hours, 28 Minutes, 53 Secs and 760 ms
110
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
111
Mobility Management
Mobility Management (MM) Location updating- normal,periodic, IMSI attach Paging Security Management
Preventing unauthorized users- authentication Maintaining Privacy of users- ciphering
Network Attachment
Cell Identification
MS scans complete GSM frequency band for highest power Tunes to highest powered frequency and looks for FCCH. Synchronizes in frequency domain Get training sequence from SCH which follows FCCH. Synchronizes in time domain. Accesses BCCH for network id, location area and frequencies of the neighboring cells. Stores a list of 30 BCCH channels
113
Network Attachment..
PLMN Selection
Get the operator information from SIM.
Cell Selection
Selected cell should be a cell of the selected PLMN Signal strength should be above the threshold. Cell should not be barred
Location Update
Register with the network by means of location updation procedures.
114
MS
BTS
Action
Location Update Request (SDCCH) Authentication Request (SDCCH) Authentication Response (SDCCH)
Security - Authentication
MS
Ki RAND
A3
SRES
MS BTS AuC
Authentication center provides RAND to Mobile AuC generates SRES using Ki of subscriber and RAND Mobile generates SRES using Ki and RAND Mobile transmits SRES to BTS BTS compares received SRES with one generated by AuC
116
Security - Ciphering
MS
Ki RAND A8
Kc MS Kc Data
A5
A5
Data sent on air interface ciphered for security A5 and A8 algorithms used to cipher data Ciphering Key is never transmitted on air
117
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
118
119
PLMN Selection
Yes
Yes
manual mode
The user selects a PLMN from the displayed PLMNs
automatic mode
The MS selects the first PLMN from the preferred PLMNs list (if it is not in the forbidden PLMNs list) Cell Selection succeed? Yes End of PLMN selection No (automatic) Selection of the next preferred possible PLMN
No (manual)
PLMN Selection
Constitution of the "Found PLMN list"
Listen to all the frequencies of the GSM spectrum: power level measurement and average on these measurements (124 channels in GSM 900, 374 in GSM 1800 and 299 in GSM 1900
Look for the cell with the best C1 in the suitable cells list IMSI Attach End of Cell Selection Rejected? No Yes PLMN set in the forbidden PLMN list
Cell Selection
Purpose: get synchronization with the GSM network prior establishing any communication.
1 1
BTS-5
BTS-4 1
1 2
BTS-3
BTS-2
Immediate Assignment
MS
1
BTS
CHANNEL REQUEST
BSC
CHANNEL REQUIRED
MSC
RACH
CHANNEL ACTIVATION
3
4
Immediate Assignment
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
AGCH
CM SERVICE REQUEST
SDCCH or TCH
LOCATION UPDAT. REQU.
OR
6
SDCCH or TCH
BSS
2
BSC
4 TMSI 6
MSC
5 2
TMSI 5
LAI
HLR
IMSI VLR id 3
VLR
IMSI TMSI LAI
BSS
2 BSC
MSC
3 4 2 TMSI New TMSI 3
new TMSI
3
4
BTS
New LAI
VLR
IMSI TMSI LAI
BSS
2 5 7 2 TMSI New TMSI 5
MSC
New LAI
New VLR
3 IMSI,TMSI LAI
RAND, SRES, Kc
HLR
new VLR id
subscriber data
128
IMSI Attach
1
CHANNEL REQUEST IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
BSS
2 BSC BTS 3 4
3 LOCATION UPDATING
MSC
5
4
VLR
6
129
IMSI Detach
1
CHANNEL REQUEST IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
BSS
2 BSC 3 BTS 4
IMSI DETach INDication
MSC
VLR
130
BSS
MSC
PSTN
VLR
CM SERVICE REQUEST
CM SERVICE REQUEST
Sending Number
SETUP
5 6 7
IAM
CALL PROCEEDING
7
Ring
Ringing
ACM ANM
11
8 10
Ringing
Path Established
11
CONNECT ACKnowledge
ACM = Address Complete Message ANM = ANswer Message IAM = Initial Address Message
132
BSC1
5
4 3 1
BTS12
6
BTS21
MSC/ VLR
GMSC
PSTN
BSC2
2
BTS22
HLR
LA2
BTS23
BSC3
BTS31
133
5 9
PAGING REQUEST (TMSI) PAGE (TMSI + LA) Send info to I/C (MSRN)
6
Routing Information (MSRN) Send Routing Information (MSISDN)
1
MSISDN
8
PAGING REQUEST 10 (TMSI + LA) IAM (MSRN)
3 7 PN
11
BSS
VMSC
GMSC
IAM 2 (MSISDN)
ISDN
: Initial Address Message : Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital network Number : Mobile Station Roaming Number
: : : :
International Mobile Subscriber Identity Gateway MSC Visitor MSC Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
134
VMSC
IAM (MSRN)
GMSC
PSTN
IAM 1 (MSISDN) Dialing
PAGING REQUEST
4 5
Ringing
10 12
BSS
Call in progress
2
MSC
PSTN
DISCONNECT
DISCONNECT RELEASE
RELEASE
4
RELEASE COMPLETE
5
Release
CHANNEL RELEASE 6
7
Release tone
136
BSS
3 4 5 BTS BSC 4
1 3
MSC
REL 6 RLC
PSTN
1 2
Purpose: informs the mobile then releases radio and network resources.
On hook
137
138
139
*RESP MS tunes Allocate Page SDCCH on SDCCH REQ MS Ch. * Assgn CMP over ( TMSI AGCH + LAI) over RACH BTS * Phone rings
Connect traffic Ch.to trunk GMSC frees SDCCH Query VLR Page Page RES Assgn CMP for LAC and Assign. REQ Paging TMSI the area (+TMSI) Route to MSC Alerting Network MSC BSC
AuC
PSTN
BTS
Land to Mobile call (MSISDN)
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IDENTITIES USED IN GSM GSM CHANNELS GSM RADIO LINK MOBILITY MANAGEMENT CALL MANAGEMENT RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
141
142
143
Power Control
BTS commands MS at different distances to use different power levels so that the power arriving at the BTSs Rx is approximately the same for each TS - Reduce interference - Longer battery life
144
Handover
Means to continue a call even a mobile crosses the border of one cell to another Procedure which made the mobile station really roam Handover causes
RxLev (Signal strength , uplink or downlink) RxQual (BER on data) O & M intervention Timing Advance Traffic or Load balancing
145
Handover Types
Internal Handover (Intra-BSS) Within same base station - intra cell Between different base stations - inter cell External Handover (Inter-BSS) Within same MSC -intra MSC Between different MSCs - inter-MSC
146
Handover Types
MSC BSC GMSC
BSC
C-3
BSC MSC
C-4
C-1
C-2
BSC
147
HO performed
BSC
Acknowledges and alloctes TCH (facch) if 1. Check for HO passed 2. Channel avail in new BTS
BTS 2
MS tunes into new frequency and TS and sends HO message to new BTS (facch) Receives new BTS data(FACCH)
Release TCH
Cell 2
Periodic Measurement Reports (SACCH)
BTS 1
Cell 1
148
B3
B1 B2 B12 MS ( monitoring the broadcast radio B1 in idle mode )
F50
..
..
..
149
Serves as a Beacon for the Cell Country Code (CC) and the Network Code (NC) Location Area Identity (LAI) List of neighboring cells which should be monitored by MS List of frequencies used in the cell
Cell identity
Back 150
Location Updates
Location Updates can be classified into two:
Periodic Location Updates:
This occurs as per the timer set by the network operator. If the MS does not perform this update the MSC marks the MS as Detached on the VLR.
1.
The MS is monitoring the BCCH and has all the decoded information stored on the SIM ( including the LAC) As soon as the mobile is on a TCH it sends the signal strength indication on the corresponding SACCH The BSC monitors the signal strengths and on analysis sends a handoff request on FACCH. The handoff process is completed on the FACCH. After the completion of call, the MS starts monitoring the BCCH again. On finding the LAC (stored on SIM) and that decoded from the BCCH to be different , the MS requests a Location Update through SDCCH.
2.
3.
4.
Back 152
Discontinuous Transmission
Discontinuous Transmission(DTX) allows the radio transmitter to be switched off most of the time during speech pauses. A Silence Indicator Block is transmitted at 500bps, which generates a comfort noise Down Link interference is decreased. Up link battery is saved
153
Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping permits the dynamic switching of radio links from one carrier frequency to another. Base Band Hopping At the BTS each the timeslot is shifted to another transceiver, which is transmitting at the hop frequency. User will be connected to different Transceivers depending on hop sequence. Synthesis Hopping At the BTS transceiver changes the frequencies used. The user will be connected to only one transceiver. Decreases the probability of interference Suppresses the effect of Rayleigh fading 154
Add-on to GSM network : rate for GSM Evolution Enhanced Data PCU; Packet Segmentation/re-assembly and scheduling EDGE is an enhancement of GPRS and CSD technologies. Radio channel access control and management Universal Mobile Telecommunication Standards Based on the current GSM technology - same TDMA frame structure, Transmission error detection and retransmission. Innovative Service Architecture : VHE Concept - providing the us same bandwidth (200 kHz). Power control the same feelmodulation of its personalized independent of look Usesand 8-PSK instead services of GMSK. Surf the Internet while on the move SGSN: GPRS mobility network and terminal. Requires goodSwitched propagation conditions. High Speed Circuit Data Encryption Global Convergence Fixed/Mobile, Telecom/Datacom, public/private Allows upto:48 kbps (EGPRS) and upto 28.8 kbps (ECSD) on :every User Data Rate:14.5kbps W@P Gateway Charging Mobile Multimedia driven market. channel Useradio multiple timeslots (max=8), Adaptation of the information to the mobile SMS 160 -numeric characters GGSN : Data: Interface to the PDN, Internet Wideband bearers 2GHz band ( 5 MHz per carrier), -max. 2Mbps EDGE helps GSM-Only operators to compete with UMTS. hence max rate = 115.2kbps. Compression of the data User Data Rate : 9.6kbps UMTS Needs a duplexor in MS for Buffering of the information One time slot over the air interface Max user data rate : 21.4 kbps simultaneous Tx and Rx Dynamic rate adaptation to suit the radio conditions at EDGE that time ( 9.05 kbps, 13.4 kbps, 15.6 kbps 21.4 kbps)
Data Application
Wireless Data
GPRS
W @ P
Mobile Network
W@P Gateway
Internet 99 2000
W@P Service
Time
155
98
2001
References
Wireless and Personal Communication Systems. Vijay.K.Garg and Wilkes Overview of the GSM System and Protocol Architecture, IEEE Comm. Magazine, Moe Rahnema. The GSM System for Mobile CommunicationsMichel Mouly & Marie-Bernadette Pautet Overview of the GSM Comm- John Scourias.
156
158
Erlang Concept
Erlang is the unit of statistical resource use
Average number of busy channels during the period of observation (usually, the peak hour).
Erlang B At any time, more than 1 user may request the same resource simultaneously. The use of such a resource is associated with a blocking rate. Erlang C When more than 1 user request at the same time, instead of rejecting the extra calls, there is a queuing system.
159
160
Cell Patterns
161
Cell Sectorization
TRI
OMNI
BI
Link Budgeting
Calculation of the maximum coverage range of each cell in a specific environment. Definition of planning tools parameters.
Based on the path loss calculation between the MS and the BS in both ways.
This calculation considers: RF parameters of MS and BS, system parameters (diversity gains...), propagation parameters (shadowing), physical installation parameters (antenna height), environment classification.
- What is the maximum EIRP? - What are the losses in transmission and reception? - Is diversity used?
- Beyond which distance the communication will cut off? - Is indoor coverage guaranteed? - Is frequency hopping used? - What is the minimum equivalent sensitivity? - What is the maximum equivalent output power? - What are the body losses?
Propagation Parameters: - Incar, Indoor penetration factors - Frequency 900, 1800, 1900 MHz - Antenna Height - Environment Design Parameters: Overlapping margin
Radio Link
Combiner losses
Tx PA Output Power
Tx PA Output Power
Rx Diversity Gain
MS
Base Station
Duplexer Combiner Other factors for MS Body Losses Common cable losses
Power Amplifier
DLNA:Diversity Low Noise Amplifier
2.5W PA
25W PA
35W PA
20W PA
30W PA
S8000 Indoor S8000 Outdoor
S4000 Indoor S8000 Indoor S8000 Outdoor
S4000 Indoor
S8000 Outdoor
H2D
4.5 dB Loss
D Hy/2
4.9 dB Loss
C C C C
TX
TX
TX TX TX TX
Directional antenna for trisectorial site Default 65 H / 6.5 V with 18 dBi gain
1800/1900 MHz
33 dBm (2W)
30 dBm (1W)
-102 dBm
-100 dBm
Antenna Gain
-2 dBi for Handheld 2 dBi for Car Kit 0 dB for Handheld 2 dB for Car Kit
Body Loss
Outdoor Minimum Field 95%: -80 dBm Coverage Range 95%: 810 m
Cable Loss 0 dB RX
Antenna Gain -2 dB
TX
RXm
RXd
Options
Rx Diversity Gain: 5 dB Mobile
Base Station
Overlapping Margin: 0 dB
173
-110.0 dBm
-115.0 dBm 3.0 dB 18.0 dBm
-102.0 dBm
None 0.0 dB -2.0 dBm
174
Fading
Example of Field Strength Variation for GSM 1800
-10
-20
-30 Measurement Free Space
-40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 0 -100 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Distance (m)
Clutters
177
178