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GERIAP-NPC 13
TRIVEATOR METER
Transformer Effi.95-98%
M Dist. loss 4 - 8%
Feeders, Capacitors
C C
Distribution Panels
PUMPS
R & AC COMPRESSORS
LIGHTING, HEATING
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MECHANICAL
Motors Effi.85-96%
ELECTRICAL
11 KV/440V
% Energy Loss at Full Load 0.002 - 0.015 0.005 - 0.02 0.40 - 1.90 0.003 - 0.025 0.02 - 0.15 0.05 - 0.50 0.13 - 0.34 0.01 - 0.40 1.00 - 4.00 14.0 - 35.0 6.0 - 20.0 4.0 - 7.0 0.50 - 6.0
3
By reducing
kVA
Maximum Demand
Contracted demand 2250 kVA
2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
MD (KVA)
M ay '0 1 Ju n' 01
Energy ( KWH)
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Ju l'0 1 Au g' 01 Se p' 01 O ct '0 1 No v' 01 De c'0 1 Ja n' 02 Fe b' 02 M ar '0 2 Ap r'0 2
Month
Tariff Management
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Maximum Demand
Contracted demand 2250 kVA
2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
kVA
Ju l'0 1 A ug '0 1 Se p' 01 O ct '0 1 N ov '0 1 D ec '0 1 Ja n' 02 Fe b' 02 M ar '0 2 A pr '0 2
Month
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01 ay '
Ju n'
01
Demand, Kva
1000
1200
7:
200
400
600
800
00 30
8:
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Time (Hrs)
10 :0 0 11 :3 0 13 :0 0 14 :3 0 16 :0 0 17 :3 0 19 :0 0 20 :3 0 22 :0 0 23 :3 0 1: 00 2: 30 4: 00 5: 30
8
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KVA= 105
So increasing power factor reduces the Maximum Demand
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Input kW 47.2
Output - kW 42.5
Pump
Eff. 55%
Delivered kW 23.37
Input kW 44.7
Output - kW 42.5
Delivered kW 23.37
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Possible Effects
Solutions
Facilities expanding Reduce the load Voltage drop and energy beyond original designs, by conservation waste. poor power factors load scheduling. Degradation over time due May not cause breaker to extreme temperatures, to trip, and may leak to Replace abrasion, moisture, Insulation leakage ground or to another conductors, chemicals, conductor phase. Variable energy insulators insulation inappropriate for waste. conditions. Reduces currentInductive loads such as carrying capacity of motors, transformers, and Add capacitors wiring, voltage Low Power Factor lighting ballasts; non-linear to counteract regulation effectiveness, loads, such as most reactive loads. and equipment life. May electronic loads. increase utility costs. Office-electronics,PBXs, Over-heating of neutral Take care with Harmonics (non- UPSs, variable frequency conductors, motors, equipment sinusoidal voltage drives, high intensity transformers, switch selection and and/or current wave discharge lighting, and gear. Voltage drop, low isolate sensitive forms) electronic and core-coil power factors, reduced electronics from ballasts. capacity. noisy circuits.
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