Structure

consists of two parts Sub Structure Super Structure

 Which

is below the Plinth level Otherwise known as Foundation Which forms the base for any structure About 30% of the total construction cost is spent on the foundation FOUNDATION: Lower part of a structure which transmits the load, weight of the superstructure to the subsoil

 Support

the structures Prepare a level surface for Concreting and Masonry work Distribute the total load coming on the structure on a larger area. Give enough stability to the structures against various disturbing forces such as wind and rain.

 Should

be designed to take up the future extension of the building Should provide a level surface for building operations Should be stable or safe against any possible failure Should give stability to the supported structure Load should be evenly distributed to substratum, so that unequal settlement is prevented Safety against undermining

 Dead

Load Live Load Wind Load

Bearing

Capacity of Soil: The ability of the soil to support the load coming on it without failure. It is also known as bearing power of Soil.

Ultimate Bearing Capacity: It is the maximum load supported by soil before it fails

Ultimate load Ultimate Bearing capacity= -----------------------------Area Safe Bearing Capacity: Maximum pressure a which the soil can carry safely without risk of shear failure. Ultimate bearing capacity Safe Bearing capacity= -----------------------------Factor of Safety FOS adopted is 2 to 3.

 By By By By By By

increasing the depth of foundation draining the sub soil water compacting the soil confining the soil mass cement grouting chemical treatment

 Shallow

Foundation(Depth < Width) Deep Foundation (Depth is very large)

 Isolated

Column Footing Simple Footing Stepped Footing Sloped Footing Wall Footing Combined Footing Continuous Footing Cantilever Footing Inverted arch Footing Raft (or) Mat Foundation Stepped Foundation

 Provided

under the column to transfer the load safely to the soil bed. If the column loaded is lightly a spread is given under the base of the column. The spread is known as Footing.

Stepped Footing: For heavy loaded columns the total width of footing may be very high. This is attained in three or four steps and is called stepped footing.

Sloped Footing: If total width of the footing is attained by gradually increasing the width towards the bottom.

 If

footing is provided throughout the length of the wall in the case of load bearing walls. It may be either simple or stepped

 If

footing is constructed for two or more columns Rectangular or Trapezoidal In rectangular combined footing the columns carry equal loads In trapezoidal combined footing the column carry unequal loads ,with the outer column carrying heavier load.

single continuous R.C.slab is provided as foundation for three or more columns in a row. It is more suitable to prevent the differential settlement in the structure Safety against Earthquake

 Where

the distance between the column is so

great It consists of spread footings of two columns ,connected by a strap beam Strap beam does not remain in contact with soil, and thus does not transfer any pressure to the soil

 Constructed

between the two walls at the

base Suitable for low bearing capacity and depth of the foundation is to be kept less Bridges,reservoirs,tanks etc

 When

the load of the structure is very heavy and the bearing capacity of soil is very low Load is transmitted to the soil by means of a continuous slab that covers the entire area of the bottom of a structure similar to a floor

 When

the ground is sloping it becomes uneconomical to provide foundations at same level Overlap between two layers of foundation concrete slab is equal to the depth of concrete slab or two times the height of the step

 Pile

Foundation Pier foundation Well or Caisson Foundation

 Based

on function (or) Use End Bearing Piles Friction Piles Compaction Piles Under ream Piles Sheet Piles Based on materials and Composition Concrete piles a)Cast-in-situ piles (i)Cased cast-in-situ-piles (ii)Uncased cast-in-situ- piles

(Continued) (b) Pre-Cast Concrete Piles Timber piles Steel piles (a) H-Pile (b)Pipe Pile (c) Sheet Pile Composite Piles (a)Concrete and Timber pile (b)Concrete and Steel Pile

 End o

o o

Bearing Piles Penetrate through the soft soil and their bottom rest on a hard bed. These piles acts as columns or piers Soft ground through which the piles pass also give some lateral support to the piles.

 Friction

Piles: o Used to transfer loads to a depth of a friction load carrying material by means of skin friction along the length of the piles. Compaction Piles: o Used to compact loose granular soils, thus increasing their bearing capacity. o The compaction piles themselves do not carry load. Hence may be of weaker materials.

 Under o

Ream Piles: Piles with one or more bulbs in its vertical shaft These bulbs are known as Under ream They increase the bearing capacity of the pile considerably and also resist the uplift.

 Sheet

o
o

Piles: Thin member of steel or timber is used Commonly used as in pervious cut off to reduce seepage and uplift under hydraulic structures

 Cast-in-situ

piles: Piles are casted in the site itself. A bore is dug into the ground by inserting a casting. After placing reinforcement, this bore is filled with cement concrete. If the casing is kept position after placing the concrete then it is called cased cast-in-situ piles. If the casing is withdrawn after placing concrete then it is called uncased cast-insitu concrete piles.

 Pre

Cast Concrete Piles: Which are manufactures in factory or at a place away from the construction site, then driven into ground at the place required. It may be square, octagonal or round in shape.

 Timber

Piles: Trunks of trees are used as pile. Wood should be free from any defect May be circular or square. Steel Piles: Rolled steel sections and fabricated sections are used as pile. Types: H-Beam, Box ,Tube Piles Composite Piles: Made up of two portions of different materials one above the other Types: Timber and Concrete, Steel and Concrete

 Pier

Foundation: Consists of a cylindrical column of large diameter to support the load through bearing only.

 Well

Foundation: Used for foundations under water such as bridges. The load is transferred through the wall around called staining. The well is constructed and brought to the site. Types: Circular,Twin circular,Twin hexagonal,Twin octagonal,Double D, Dumb well, Rectangular