Breaker Fail Protection Considerations

GRID
Technical Institute

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Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - Agenda

Aims and Objectives

Types of Backup Protection Typical Schemes Single Phase Considerations Non-conventional Techniques

Page 4
Page 7 Page 14 Page 39 Page 44

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 2

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Aims & Objectives

Dependability
Duplicate:
Protective Relays Trip Coils DC Supplies Instrument Transformers

Not Duplicated:

Circuit Breakers

Operating Mechanism Hydraulic Systems Pneumatic Systems

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 3

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Aims & Objectives

Objective:

To Clear the Fault with:

Minimal time delay Minimum disruption to the Power System

Two forms of Backup Protection:

Remote Backup Local Backup

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 4

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - Agenda

Aims and Objectives

Types of Backup Protection Typical Schemes Single Phase Considerations Non-conventional Techniques

Page 4
Page 7 Page 14 Page 39 Page 44

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 5

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Remote Backup Protection

Z3A Z2A Z1A

A 21A

B 21B

Advantages Not affected by local station conditions Contributes to both relay and CB failure protection
Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 6
ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Disadvantages Slow Sensitivity

Limited Discrimination

Remote Backup Protection

Sensitivity Issue Affect of Fault Infeeds
B I1 R1 A I2 R2 B R1 I1 I3 A I2 R2

21

21

V I

V I

Fault Point

Fault Point

Effective Fault Point

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 7

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Remote Backup Protection

Discrimination Issue Widespread Disruption
~ ~

~ ~ ~
Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 8
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Local Backup Protection

Why ?
Advantages
Faster Improved sensitivity Minimises network disruption May be affected by local conditions Accidental Operations (finger trouble) No unwanted operations Guaranteed to operate when required

Disadvantages

Security

Dependability
Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 9

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Local Backup Protection

What is it?
Two types of Local Backup can be considered Relay Backup Breaker Backup

Provision of duplicated main protection schemes Cannot duplicate the circuit breakers (usually) Can duplicate trip coils

Breaker Failure Protection

Still common physical mechanism failures still possible Used to backtrip fault infeeds in case of local break failure Only initiated when tripping has occurred Sometimes called Stuck Breaker Protection or Backtripping Protection

Trip Circuit Supervision should be considered as part of the local backup facility
Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 10
ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Local Backup Protection

Duplicate Protection Schemes
VT CT

AUX. DC SUPPLY

CT

MAIN 1 PROTECTION

MAIN 2 PROTECTION

TCS1

TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION RELAYS

TCS2

TC 1

TRIP COILS

TC 2

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 11

CIRCUIT BREAKER MECHANISM

CIRCUIT BREAKER

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Local Backup Protection

Duplicate Protection Additional Dependability
+ M1A M1B
M2A

Cct A Trip Supply

M1A TC1A

Cct B Trip Supply

M1B TC1B

M2A

M2B

TC2A

M2B

TC2B

Circuit A

Circuit B

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 12

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Local Backup Protection

Duplicate Protection Schemes
VT CT

AUX. DC SUPPLY

CT

MAIN 1 PROTECTION

MAIN 2 PROTECTION

TCS1

TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION RELAYS

TCS2

CB Fail Protection Scheme

Backtrip & Intertrip other infeeds

TC 1

TRIP COILS

TC 2

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 13

CIRCUIT BREAKER MECHANISM

CIRCUIT BREAKER

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Local Backup Protection

Backtripping and Intertripping
If Breaker A fails to clear the fault, Circuit Breakers B, C, D and E must be simultaneously tripped to clear the fault locally Remote end Circuit Breaker should be directly tripped to prevent the fault being fed (if it hasnt already been opened) Consider Health & Safety!! This is the responsibility of the CB Fail protection scheme

D B Trip

MAIN PROTECTION

Fault Intertrip
Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 14

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - Agenda

Aims and Objectives

Types of Backup Protection Typical Schemes Single Phase Considerations Non-conventional Techniques

Page 4
Page 7 Page 17 Page 39 Page 44

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 15

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Typical Schemes
Simplest Scheme No Current Check
+
Main 1 Main 2
TC1 TC2

Prot Op.
Protection Reset Time (Max)

Backtrip
Error In Timer Safety Margin

CB Time (Arc Out)

Setting Of Timer

86

Trip Adjacent Circuits & Intertrip

Disadvantages of this simple scheme Long total fault clearance times due to long timer setting Security of scheme Risk of initiation during testing causing widespread system disruption

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 16

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Typical Schemes
Simple Scheme Use of CB Auxiliary Contact
+
Main 1 Main 2
TC1 TC2

Prot Op.

Backtrip
Error In Timer Safety Margin

CB Time (Arc Out)

52a

Setting Of Timer

Advantage of this scheme is that we dont need to consider the main protection reset time so fault clearance time is much reduced
86

Trip Adjacent Circuits & Intertrip

Disadvantages of this simple scheme Security of scheme Risk of initiation during testing causing widespread system disruption

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 17

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Typical Schemes
Simple Scheme Use of CB Auxiliary Contact
+
Main 1 Main 2
TC1 TC2

Prot Op.

Backtrip
Safety Margin

CB Time (Arc Out)

52a

Setting Of Timer

86

Trip Adjacent Circuits & Intertrip

Additional improvement by including the CB auxiliary contact in the back tripping path Removes timer overshoot Increased security of tripping But, consider is it rational or proper to consider the breaker status in a CB failure protection scheme?

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 18

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Typical Schemes
Simple Scheme Use of BF Current Detector
+
Main 1 Main 2
TC1 TC2

Prot Op.
50BF Reset Time

Backtrip
Safety Margin

CB Time (Arc Out)

50BF

Setting Of Timer Advantages of this scheme are: 50BF designed for fast reset so improved total fault clearance times Security enhanced by two elements being required to operate for timer initiation Disadvantages of this scheme 50BF must be set greater than maximum load current (if security is to be maintained)

86

Trip Adjacent Circuits & Intertrip

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 19

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Desirable Features

Sensitive Secure Dependable Fast Selective Minimise Additional Cabling

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 20

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Desirable Features
Sensitivity
Minimum Plant Conditions Fault Position Operation Factor (or whats instantaneous!) Relay Drop Off / Pick Up Ratio Generator Circuits Large Inductive Circuits We NEED to achieve a setting of less than full load current
Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 21
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Desirable Features
Switching Large Inductive Loads CB Resistor Current
For Large Inductive Loads special circuit breakers are applied, utilising dual breakers: Main CB contacts opens first The resistor is used to reduce the switching overvoltages The auxiliary CB opens 1 or 2 cycles later BF current detector should NOT remain operated for the resistor current IR, but The minimum fault level MUST take priority (in which case the timer setting would need to allow for auxiliary CB operation)

LARGE INDUCTIVE LOAD

IR

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 22

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Desirable Features
Current Settings below Full Load Current
MAIN B.F.

+
B/F

If the Breaker Fail Current check is to be set below full load, it must only be switched into service when required: Inhibited during normal conditions For static type relays: Control application of auxiliary power to the 50BF relay

2 86

For numerical relays: Software control Exact operation depends upon relay

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 23

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Typical UK Current Settings

Applies to transmission levels (400/275kV) In general, 20% (minimum IF of 55%) Generator Circuits, 5% Inductive Loads, 80% (20% if IF<180%)

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 24

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Breaker Fail Timer settings

Theoretically, in order to set the BF timer we should consider: CB Trip Time Main contact seperation time (Arc Out) Or Resistor contact seperation time Current Detector Operation time, and Reset time Main Protection Reset time Discriminating (Safety) Margin Maximum permitted fault clearance times
Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 25
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Timer Setting Example

Simple Scheme Current Check before Timer
+
Main 1 Main 2
TC1 TC2 50BF

Fault On

Main Prot A (40) (5) B Timer Started (50)

Arc Out C (10)

Safety Margin D (50) (10) (50) 86 OP

Fault Cleared

BF Init

BF Reset

86

Breaker Fail Timer setting: A+C+D-B = 105msecs

Trip Adjacent Circuits & Intertrip

Total Fault Clearance time (of CB Fail) 210msecs

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 26

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Timer Setting Example

Alternative Arrangement Timer before Current Check
+
Main 1 Main 2
TC1 TC2

Fault On

Main Prot A (40) (50)

Arc Out

Safety Margin D (50) (5) B (10) (50) BF BF 86 Init Op. OP

Fault Cleared

50BF

Timer Started

86

Breaker Fail Timer setting: A+D-B = 95msecs

Trip Adjacent Circuits & Intertrip

Total Fault Clearance time (of CB Fail) 200msecs

Considerations versus Current Check first No Fast Reset on 50BF 2 stage schemes more difficult to implement

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 27

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Typical 2 stage scheme

Start Verifier or 2-stage (re-trip & backtrip) Scheme
+

Main 1 SV Main 2

TC 1

TC 2

50BF

Advantages of 2-stage approach With lack of use, circuit breakers will become sticky Start verifier, re-strikes the trip coil and may overcome the initial reluctance of the CB to open First stage may be time-delayed (if preferred) but will extend overall fault clearance
Disadvantages Breaker fail timer setting must be set longer and overall fault clearance time is longer

50BF 52a

SV

Timer

86 Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 28

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Typical 2 stage scheme

Start Verifier or 2-stage (re-trip & backtrip) Scheme
Fault On Main Prot SV Init. E (40) (5) B BF Init. Timer Started Timer Setting =A+C+D=110msec Total BF Clearance Time = 225msec
Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 29
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SV Op. A (50)

Arc Out

Safety Margin D
(50) (10) C BF RESET (50)

Fault Cleared

(10)

(10)

86 OP.

Desirable Features
Security & Dependability
Security
Duplication with Series connections For example, duplicate current detectors & timers AND logic: 2 out of 2 Duplication with Parallel connections OR logic: 1 out of 2 Cater for single contingency failure

Dependability

These may often be contradictory requirements so consider the scheme carefully

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 30
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Desirable Features
+
Main Prot

Security & Dependability

50BF 50BF

T1B T2B

T1A T2A

86

Unit DC Supply No 1

+
Unit DC Supply No 2

T1 A T1 B
T2 A T2 B

+
Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 31
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Desirable Features
Selectivity & Cabling
BF BF BF

Breaker fail scheme needs to: Intertrip remote infeed Backtrip all local feeds
Problems: Cabling cost Cabling complexity for all but the simplest schemes
Easy to make an error

It may be acceptable to integrate the backtripping into the local busbar protection

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 32

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Desirable Features
Selectivity & Cabling Double Bus Systems
MI(A) MI(B)
TC B

50BF(A) MI(A) MI(B) MI(C) RI(A) MI(A) RI(A) RI(B) RI(C) etc. RI(A) RI(B) MI(C)

RI(C)

TC C

50BF
Cct A Cct B

50BF

50 BF Cct C

As can be seen, lots of auxiliary contacts will be required for a segregated backtrip system Is it more secure? Do we duplicate the breaker fail protection scheme to increase dependability & security?

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 33

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Practical Scheme Examples Single Busbar Scheme

A
BBD
BB CH

50 BF(A)

50 BF(B)

50 BF(C)

50BF (A) 50BFT (A)-1

50BF (B) 50BFT (B)-1

50 BF(C) 50BFT (C)-1

BB TR (A)

INT (A) 50BFT (A)-2

BB TR (B)

INT (B) 50BFT (B)-2

BB TR (C)

INT (C)

B.B. Protection Buswires

50BFT (C)-2

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 34

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Practical Scheme Examples Main & Reserve Bar Scheme

Main Bar Reserve Bar
BB M BB R BB CH

MI RI MI A

MI RI MI RI B

MI

RI

RI BF (A) 50BF (A) 50BFT (A)

C BF (B) 50BF (B) 50BFT (B) BF (C) 50BF (C) 50BFT (C) MTR RTR RI MI

MI

RI
BB TR(A)

INT (A)

MI

RI
BB TR(B)

INT (B) MT R RT R

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 35

50BFT (A)

50BFT(B )

50BFT (C)

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Practical Scheme Examples Existing 275kV Breaker Fail Scheme

+
Supply 1 Main 1 TR BF1 BF2 T1A T1B Main 2 Supply 2 BF1 BF2 TR Alarm Supply T2A T2B T B.F. Defective T1A T2A M R 29M 29R
Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 36

TC1

TC2

CH T1B TR T2B

29L 52a

B.B. Prot Trip Buswires

INT

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - Agenda

Aims and Objectives

Types of Backup Protection Typical Schemes

Page 4
Page 7 Page 17 Page 39 Page 44

Single Phase Considerations Non-conventional Techniques

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 37

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Single Phase Considerations

Standard 3 phase CB Failure Scheme
+
Main Prot A B
Main Prot Op

50BF ABC

Fault On

Arc Out

Main Prot Reset E (40) C (10)

Fault Cleared Safety Margin D (50) (10) (50)

A (40) (5) B (50)

C
Timer BFABC Init.

Timer Start

BFA Reset

BFBC Reset

86 OP

86
Trip Adjacent Circuits & Intertrip

Breaker Fail Timer setting: A+E+C+D-B = 145msecs Total Fault Clearance time (of CB Fail) 250msecs With Common BF initiation during single phase trpis, load current will prevent fast reset of the CB Fail current check device

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 38

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Single Phase Considerations

Alternative 3 phase CB Failure Scheme
+
Main Prot A B
C
50BF ABC Main Prot Op

Timer

Fault On

Arc Out

Main Prot Reset C (40)

Fault Cleared Safety Margin D (50) (5) B (10) (50)

A (40) (50)

Timer Start

BFABC Init.

BFABC Op

86 OP

A B C

86
Trip Adjacent Circuits & Intertrip

Breaker Fail Timer setting: A+C+D-B = 135msecs Total Fault Clearance time (of CB Fail) 240msecs With Common BF initiation during single phase trpis, load current will prevent fast reset of the CB Fail current check device

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 39

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Single Phase Considerations

Single Phase control of current check devices required
+
Main Prot A B C

BF (A) BF (B) BF (C)

Fault On

Main Prot Op

Arc Out Safety Margin A C D

Fault Cleared

(40)

(5) B

(50)

(10)

(50)

(10)

(50)

Timer

86

Breaker Fail Timer setting: A+C+D-B = 105msecs Total Fault Clearance time (of CB Fail) 210msecs Phase segregated control of CB fail current check relay required to remove main protection reset time from setting consideration

BFA Init.

Timer Start

BFA Reset

86 OP

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 40

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Single Phase Considerations

2-stage, Single Phase Control using a Modern 3 Phase Relay

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 41

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - Agenda

Aims and Objectives

Types of Backup Protection Typical Schemes Single Phase Considerations Non-conventional Techniques

Page 4
Page 7 Page 17 Page 39 Page 44

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 42

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Non-Conventional Techniques
Traditional CB Fail protection schemes utilise overcurrent technology Control inputs to energise the detection unit under appropriate conditions only i.e during a fault. This permits: Need to be designed correctly to ensure:
Low current thresholds good sensitivity & speed Allow for good thermal withstand
Fast energisation Fast resetting and very close to pick-up setting

Can suffer extended reset times during fast fault clearance due to a decaying DC current in the secondary circuit. Modern relays can achieve the same goals using different methods: Software control prevent operation except during fault situation, negating traditional issues associated with low current settings & thermal capacity Use of undercurrent type elements, or sampling relies on fast operation, not resetting Can account for or filter the DC currents preventing fast resetting on traditional overcurrent based technologies

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 43

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Non-Conventional Techniques
Decaying DC Current after Fast Fault Clearance
At fault clearance, the flux within the core will still be at some value but this suggests that there is a magnetising current
E

Since the primary circuit is open, this magnetising current can only be present in the secondary circuit but it is not a sustainable state The CT will attempt to reach a stable state with no magnetising current The transition from the point on the flux curve to the point with no magnetising current (CT remenance) will cause a decaying DC component on the secondary circuit

Due to low current settings, this may be enough to prevent resetting of overcurrent elements (or operation of undercurrent elements)

Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 44

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Non-Conventional Techniques
Sampling Method of Current Check in CB Fail Schemes

The algorithm looks for successive positive going and negative going excursions above a positive and negative current threshold. If they are both above the current threshold and of oposite sign, current flow is still present i.e the CB has not opened.
Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 45
ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Non-Conventional Techniques
Sampling Method of Current Check in CB Fail Schemes

In this case, the breaker fail timer is completed but the current check still indicates that the CB is closed. Therefore, a CB Fail condition is given.
Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 46
ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Non-Conventional Techniques
Sampling Method of Current Check in CB Fail Schemes

In this case, the breaker fail timer is completed and the current check indicates that the CB is open, even in the presence of the decaying DC component due to the CB opening.
Breaker Fail Protection Considerations - P 47
ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

GRID
Technical Institute

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