Statistics plays a very important role in measurement and evaluation.

Statistical techniques allow us to describe the performance of our students and make proper scientific inferences about their performance. This chapter introduces the students to some very basic concepts in Statistics.

Statistics is a scientific body of knowledge that deals with: Collection of data Organization or presentation of data Analysis and interpretation of data
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The Idea of Randomnes Frequency

Distribution

Table

Introduction to Statistical Concepts

The Standard Deviation

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Location and Fractiles

Population identifies the totality of

(P) objects under investigation. refers to a large collection of objects, places or things. small portion or part of a population. - a representative of a population in a research study.

Sample
(S)

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Population

Sample

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Let us consider a group of thirty (30) students whose examination scores are as follows: P={15,20,25,25,30,35,26,14,17,18,12,15,22,27,33,3 2,21,18,18,13,14,21,17,18,19,23,22,21,26,31} Now, the teacher randomly selects fifteen(15) examination scores for further analysis and obtains: S= {20,15,14,12,33,18,21,17,22,21,26,30,32,13,15} The idea of randomness unpredictability.
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While the mean is a good single description of the location of the central tendency of the data, it is often not enough to fully describe the data sets. A measure of dispersion or scatter is also needed. The standard deviation is a measure of the average deviation or departure of the individual scores from the mean and is given by:

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Mean (or average) is equal to the sum of all values in the data set divided by the number of values in the data set. For grouped data: Mean of Population P= (15++31)/ 30 = 648/30 = 21.60 Mean of Sample S= (20+ +15)/15 = 319/15 = 21.27
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Median - is the set of numbers arranged in order of magnitude is either the middle value or the arithmetic mean of the 2 middle values.
Where: LB- lower bound of the middle class n- the number of the observations F- cumulative frequency of the class previous to the middle class f- is the frequency of the middle class - the size of the modal class interval
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Mode - is the value which occurs with the greatest frequency. for grouped data: Where:
LB- Lower bound of the middle class d1- the difference between the modal frequency and the frequency of the next lower class d2- is the difference between the modal frequency and the frequency of the next highest class. - the size of the modal class interval
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Steps in Constructing Frequency Distribution Table

Step 1: Determine the range R = Highest Value Lowest Value

Step 2: Determine the tentative number of classes (k) k = 1+3.322 log N - always round off Step 3: Find the class width by dividing the range by the number of classes. Class width = range/ number of classes or c = R/k
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77,77,78,80,80,80,80,81,82,82,82,82,83,83,83,83 ,83,84,84,84,84,84,84,84,84,87,87,87,87,87,88, 88,88,88,88,88,89,89,89,89,91,91,91,91,93,94,94, 94,95,97 R = Highest value lowest value = 97-77 k = 1 + 3.322logN R = 20 = 1 + 3.322 log50 = 1 + 5.6 Class width = R/k k = 6.64 or 7 = 20/7 C= 2.86 or 3
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(Final Grade)
77 79 80 82 83 85 86 88 89 91 92 94

(f)
3 9 13 11 8 4

(CB)
76.5 79.5 79.5 82.5 82.5 85.5 85.5 88.5 88.5 91.5 91.5 94.5

(x)
78 81 84 87 90 93

95 97

2
f = 50
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94.5 97.5

96

(Final Grade) 77 79 80 82 83 85 86 88 89 91 92 94 95 97

(f) 3 9 13 11 8 4 2 f = 50

(CB) 76.5 79.5 79.5 82.5 82.5 85.5 85.5 88.5 88.5 91.5 91.5 94.5 94.5 97.5

(x) 78 81 84 87 90 93 96

(<cf) 3 12 25 36 44 48 50

(fx) 234 729 1092 957 720 372 192 fx= 4296

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MEAN

MEDIAN =

= MODE M = 85.92 =

Md = 85.5

MO = 84.5
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Measures of Location or Fractiles

- values below which a specified fraction or percentage of the observations in a given set must fall. Percentiles (100) Deciles (10) Quartiles (4)

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Percentiles are values that divide a set of observations in an array into 100 equal parts. For ungrouped:
Deciles are values that divide a set of observations in an array into 10 equal parts. For ungrouped: Quartiles are values that divide a set of observations in an array into 4 equal parts. For ungrouped:
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Example: the ff. were the scores of 10 students. 2, 8, 6, 9, 7, 5, 8, 10, 10, 1. Find the 64th percentile = = 7.04 or 8

1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10

64% of the scores are below 9

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Percentile from a Frequency Distribution

Where:
the Pith class is the class where the <CF is equal to, or exceeds for the first time, in/100 LCBpi the lower class boundary of the Pith class. C class size of the Pith class fpi frequency of the Pith class <Cfpi-1 less than cumulation frequency of the class preceding the Pith class
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Age

Frequency

<CF

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-39 50-54 55-59 60-64

18 42 78 115 178 107 88 52 30 11 N=719

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18 60 138 253 431 538 626 678 708 719

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