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FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS. OBJECT ITS TOP VIEW ITS FRONT VIEW ITS SIDE VIEW POINT A a a a LINE AB ab a b a b
VP
2nd Quad. 1ST Quad.
Observer
X Y
X
HP
3rd Quad.
4th Quad.
THIS QUADRANT PATTERN, IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION) WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE, IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.
Point A is Placed In different quadrants and its Fv & Tv are brought in same plane for Observer to see clearly. Fv is visible as t is a view on VP. But as Tv is a view on Hp, t is rotated downward 900, n clockwise Direction (in 1st quadrant).The n front part of Hp comes below xy line.
VP a
VP a
a
HP HP
OBSERVER OBSERVER
a
HP
OBSERVER
HP
OBSERVER
The HP behind the Vp is also rotated clockwise, and herefore comes above the xy ine.
VP
HP
POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT
HP
HP
VP PF P
HP
HP PT
VP
PF
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VP
VP
x
PT
PT
x
PT PF
For Tv
A
Y Y
A
Y
a a
X X
a A
ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS OF ALL ABOVE CASES. Fv above xy, Tv below xy. Fv above xy, Tv on xy. Fv on xy, Tv below xy.
VP a
X Y X
VP a a
Y X
VP
a HP HP HP
a
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2.
3. 4. 5.
For Tv
Orthographic Pattern
Note: Fv is a vertical line Showing True Length & Tv is a point. X
(Pictorial Presentation)
a A FV b
V.P.
Fv
1.
b Y
Y B TV a b
Tv a b
A Line // to Hp & // to Vp
X
V.P.
a Fv b
Y a Tv
b a
H.P.
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3.
True Length
b B a
V.P.
b a Y
Y A
X
b
T.V.
H.P.
Orthographic Projections
4.
V.P.
a Fv b
X a
Tv b
True Length
H.P.
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For Tv
5.
For Tv
b
B
B
Y
a A
X
a A
T.V.
b
V.P.
b
T.V.
NOTE: and are NOT the true angles (inclinations) of the line with the planes
Orthographic Projections Fv is seen on Vp clearly.
FV a X Y Note These Facts:Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy. (No view is parallel to xy) Both Fv & Tv are reduced lengths. (No view shows True Length) b
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TV
H.P.
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES
A plane is a two-dimensional geometrical entity It has length and width but no thickness For practical purposes, a flat face of an object may be treated as a plane A plane which has limited extent (has fixed shape) is termed as a lamina
Information usually given: 1. Shape of the plane 2. Inclination of its surface with one of the reference planes 3. Inclination of one of its edges with the other reference plane will be given
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SURFACE INCLINED TO HP
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
a1 b1
d1
c1
HP
HP
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Center lines
Drawn to indicate the axis of cylindrical, conical or spherical objects or details. Thin long chains composed of alternately long and short dashes.
Longer dashes are approximately 6 to 8 times the short dashes in length. Center of a circular curve is indicated by a cross made up of centerline chains.
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FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
TOP VIEW
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Front view
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
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