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Polarity and Solubility Lab (Experiment No.

5)
Purpose of the Experiment

To determine solubility of substances (S/L and L/L) Show an awareness of the importance of factors that affect the solubility

What is Solubility?
Solubility is defined as the maximum mass of a substance that can be dissolved in a fixed mass of a solvent under specific temperature and pressure conditions. Solubility is an intrinsic chemical property of the solvent and temperature is the parameter which influences it the most. A substance will have a different solubility in different solvents depending on polarity of both the substance and the solvent. Still remember about like dissolves like?

General Solubility Rule

"Like dissolves like"


In this rule, the term "like" refers to molecular polarity. "Like dissolves like" means that substances of like polarity will mix to form solutions. The rule predicts that two polar substances will form a solution, and two nonpolar substances will form a solution, but a polar substance and a nonpolar substance will tend not to mix.

General Solubility Rule


A liquid composed of polar molecules is a polar solvent. Water and ethanol are polar solvents. A liquid composed of nonpolar molecules is a nonpolar solvent. Hexane is a nonpolar solvent.

How do substances dissolve?

Solvation - there is an interaction between the solute and the solvent. The solute particles are usually surrounded by the solvent particles. This process is called solvation.

Solubility and Precipitation Rxns


Soluble/ Insoluble
A soluble substance readily dissolves in the solvent. An insoluble substance will NOT dissolve readily in a solvent.

Miscible/ Immiscible
Two liquids are miscible in each other if they readily mix to form a uniform solution. Two immiscible liquids will always separate out into two distinct layers

Solubility Rule

Relative Term of Solubility


parts of solvent required for 1 part of solute

Very soluble Freely soluble Soluble Sparingly soluble Slightly soluble Very slightly soluble Practically insoluble

1 1-10 10-30 30-100 100-1000 1000-10,000 10,000

Data and Results


Substances Distilled water Al sulfate Al2(SO4)3 Ascorbic acid Freely soluble Freely soluble (3 parts) Ethanol Chloroform Ether

Insoluble

Insoluble

Insoluble

Sparingly soluble (50 parts) Insoluble

Insoluble

Insoluble

Mg stearate Insoluble
*Ca stearate

Slightly soluble

Insoluble

Give the importance of solubility in the practice of pharmacy.


- In making dosage forms, solubility is the key factor that determines whether the formulation will be a solution or a suspension. - In preparing Paracetamol Syrup, why do you have to dissolve the chemical in alcohol & propylenglicol firstly before you top up with water? - When you studied about Pharmaceutical Dosage Form why some drug can be prepared in syrup while the other ones should be prepared in emulsion or suspension? - When you study Introduction to Bioavailability, why some drug has a good absorption while the others have a poor absorption?

How does USP describe the solubility of solute?


- The solubility of drugs (solute) can be described in relative terms as defined in the USP and is given in the Table below.

Describe the principle behind like dissolves like.

- A polar solvent will dissolve a polar solid (ionic or polar covalent) and a non-polar solvent will dissolve a non-polar solid.
- A non-polar solvent cannot overcome the attractions between polar molecules or ions so nonpolar solvents cannot dissolve ionic or polar molecular solids

Good day!
Members: Clemente, Genevieve Dayrit, Kenneth David, Karla Enriquez, April Fandino, Samirah
PHARM 2-B Copyright 2012-2013

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