VITAMINS, MINERALS & WATER

Functions Deficiencies/Toxicity Food Sources

VITAMINS
life + amine nitrogen compound Organic substances necessary for life although they do not, independently, provide energy Compounds that are essential in small amounts for body processes
Vita

You cannot increase your physical capacity by taking extra vitamins If you are short of vitamins, you may suffer fatigue The body cannot make its own vitamins except for vit. D & Niacin If you dont get vit. A, B, & C, you may lose appetite

Classification of Vitamins (solubility)

The fat soluble Vitamins A, D, E, K are found in foods in association with lipids The water soluble vitamins are Bcomplex and Vitamin C

FAT SOLUBLE (4)

WATER-SOLUBLE (9)

Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K

Vitamin B-complex
B1 Thiamine B2 Riboflavin B6 Pyridoxine B12 Cyanocobalamin Niacin Folate Biotin Panthothenic acid

Vitamin C

VITAMINS

FAT SOLUBLE
1.

WATER SOLUBLE
1.

2.

3.

4.

Fat soluble vitamins generally have precursors or provitamins Because they can be stored in the body, deficiencies are slow to develop They are not absolutely needed daily from food sources They are generally stable, especially in ordinary cooking methods

2.
3.

4. 5.

General Properties and Stability

They must be supplied every day in the diet They do not have precursor They are not stored significantly in the body and any excess is excreted in the urine Deficiency symptoms develop relatively fast Being water soluble, they are most likely to be destroyed in ordinary cooking

Terms...
AVITAMINOSIS Without vitamins Ex:
Avitaminosis A leads to nightblindness and xerophthalmia Avitaminosis C leads to scurvy Avitaminosis B leads to beri-beri

HYPERVITAMINOSIS Condition caused by excessive ingestion of one or more vitamins Vitamins toxicity

VITAMIN MALNUTRITION Too much or too little is bad for the health

VITAMIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS Some substances have physiological roles like vitamins but they are present in larger amounts and are partially synthesized in the body Ex: Inositol, Choline, Lipoic acid & Ubiquinone

PRECURSOR Provitamins Are compounds that can be changed to the active vitamins Ex:
Carotenes, Cryptoxanthin are precursors of Vitamin A Ergosterol when radiated becomes vit. D

PREFORMED VITAMINS Are naturally occurring vitamins that are inactive form and ready for its biological use

Name

Food Sources Animal: liver, whole milk, butter, cream, cord liver oil Plants: dark green leafy vegetables, deep yellow or orange fruit, fortified margarine

Functions
Maintenance

Deficiency / Toxicity of Deficiency

Vitamin A (retinol)

Night blindness vision in dim Xerophthalmia light Maintenance of Respiratory infections mucous membranes and Bone growth ceases healthy skin Toxicity Growth & Birth defects development of Bone pain bone Anorexia Reproduction Enlargement of liver Healthy immune system

Name

Food Sources

Functions
Regulation

Deficiency / Toxicity Deficiency Rickets Osteomalacia Osteoporosis Poorly developed teeth & bones Muscle spasms Toxicity Kidney stones Calcification of soft tissues

Vitamin D (calciferol)

Animal: eggs, liver, fortified milk, fortified margarine, oily fish Plants: none Sunlight

of absorption of calcium & phosphorus Building & maintenance of normal bones & teeth Prevention of tetany

Name
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

Food Sources
Animal: none Plants: green & leafy vegetables, margarines, salad dressing, wheat germ & wheat germ oils, vegetable oils, nuts

Functions
Antioxidant Considered

Deficiency / Toxicity Deficiency Destruction of red blood cells

essential for protection of cell structure, especially of red blood cells

Name

Food Sources

Functions
Blood

Deficiency / Toxicity

Vitamin K

Animal: liver, milk Plants: Green, leafy vegetables, cabbage, broccoli

clotting

Deficiency Prolonged blood clotting or hemorrhaging Toxicity Hemolytic anemia Interferes with anti clotting medications

Name Thiamin e (Vit. B1)

Food Sources Animal: lean pork, beef, liver, eggs, fish Plants: whole & enriched grains, legumes, brewers yeast

Functions
Metabolism

Deficiency / Toxicity

Deficiency of GIT, carbohydrate Nervous s & some system, and amino acids cardiovascula Maintains r problems normal Beri-beri appetite and Toxicity functioning None of nervous systems

Name Riboflavi n (Vit. B2)

Food Sources Animal: liver, kidney, heart, milk, cheese Plants: green, leafy vegetables, cereals, enriched bread

Functions
Aids

Deficiency / Toxicity

Deficiency release of Cheilosis energy from Eye food sensitivity Health of Dermatitis the mouth Glossitis tissue Photophobi Healthy a eyes Toxicity none

Name

Food Sources

Functions
Energy

Deficiency / Toxicity Deficiency Pellagra dermatitis Dementia, diarrhea Toxicity Vasodilation of blood vessels

Niacin Animal: (nicotinic milk, eggs, fish, acid) poultry Plants: enriched breads & cereals

metabolism Healthy skin, nervous, & digestive system

Name Pyridoxin e (Vit. B6)

Food Sources Animal: pork, fish, poultry, liver, kidney, milk, eggs Plants: whole-grain cereals, legumes

Functions
Conversion

Deficiency / Toxicity
Deficiency Cheilosis Glossitis Dermatitis Confusion Depression Irritability Toxicity Depression Nerve damage

of tryptophan to niacin Release of glucose from glycogen Protein metabolism and synthesis of nonessential amino acids

Name

Food Sources

Functions
Synthesis

Deficiency / Toxicity
Degeneratio

Vitamin B12 Animal: (cobalamin Sea foods, poultry, liver, ) kidney, muscle meats eggs, milk, cheese Plants: none

of Deficiency
n of myelin sheaths Pernicious anemia Sore mouth & tongue Anorexia Neurological disorder Toxicity none

red blood cells Maintenanc e of myelin sheaths Treatment of pernicious anemia Folate metabolism

Name Folate (folic acid)

Food Sources Animal: liver Plants: leafy green vegetables, spinach, legumes, seeds, broccoli, cereal fortified with folate, fruit

Function
Synthesis

Deficiency / Toxicity Deficiency Anemia Glossitis Neural tube defects such as anencephaly & spina bifida Toxicity Could mask a B12 deficiency

of

RBCs Synthesis of DNA

Name
Biotin

Food Sources
Animal: milk, liver & kidney, egg yolk Plants: legumes. Brewers yeast, soy flour, cereals fruits

Functions
Coenzyme

Deficiency / Toxicity
Deficiency Dermatitis Nausea Anorexia Depressio n Hair loss Toxicity none

in carbohydrate & amino acid metabolism Niacin synthesis from tryptophan

Name

Food Sources

Function
Metabolis

Deficiency / Toxicity

Panthotheni Animal: c acid eggs, liver, salmon, poultry Plants: mushroom s, Cauliflower , Peanuts Brewers yeast

Deficiency m of CHO, Rare: lipids, & burning CHON feet Synthesis syndrome of fatty Vomiting acids, Fatigue cholesterol, Toxicity steroid none hormones

Name

Food Sources

Functions
Prevention

Deficiency / Toxicity
Deficiency Scurvy Muscle cramps Ulcerated gums Tendency to bruise easily Toxicity Raised uric acid level Hemolytic anemia Kidney stones Rebound scurvy

Vitamin C Animal: (ascorbic none Plants: all acid)

of

citrus, broccoli, melons, strawberrie s, tomatoes, Brussels sprouts, potatoes, cabbage, green peppers

scurvy Formation of collagen Healing of wounds Release of stress hormones Absorption of iron Antioxidants Resistance to infection

Other Related Factors (pseudovitamins)

INOSITOL Occurs in meat & meat extractive, muscle && glandular organs, brains, legumes & nuts, fruits vegetables & grains Abundant in the diet and minimum requirements for inositol are not known Its chemistry is similar to glucose muscle sugar Is a lipotropic agent linked with phospholipids as phosphoinositols which help in the transport & metabolism of fats

CHOLINE

Lipoprotic agent it metabolizes fat & prevent fatty acid Needed for fat transport as a constituent of phospholipids, namely lecithin, cephalin, & sphingomyelin Helps in transmission of nerve impulses Deficiency results in fatty livers as seen in chronic alcoholism & kwashiorkor SOURCE: eggyolk, liver, brain, kidney, heart, meats, legumes, nuts, yeast & wheatgerm

MINERALS
An inorganic element that is necessary for the body to build tissues, regulate body fluids, or assist in various body functions Cannot provide energy by themselves but in their role as body regulators, they contribute to the production of energy within the body There are 21 mineral elements now known to be essential in nutrition

Major Minerals
Name
Calcium (Ca++)

Food Sources

Functions

Deficiency / Toxicity DEFICIENCY: Osteoporosis Osteomalacia Rickets Tetany Retarded growth Poor tooth & bone formation

Development Milk, of bones & teeth cheese, Transmission of sardines, nerve impulses Blood clotting salmon, some dark Normal heart action green leafy Normal muscle vegetables activity

Name
Phosphorus (P)

Food Sources

Functions

Deficiency / toxicity

Milk, cheese, lean meat, poultry, fish, whole grain cereals, legumes, nuts

Development of DEFICIENCY: bones & teeth Poor tooth Maintenance of normal acid-base & bone balance of the blood formation Constituent of all body cells Weakness Necessary for effectiveness of some Anorexia vitamins General Metabolism of CHO, malaise CHON, & fats

Food Sources Potassium Oranges, (K+) bananas, Dried fruits, vegetables , legumes, milk, cereals, meat

Name

Deficiency / Toxicity Contraction of DEFICIENCY: Hypokalemia muscles Maintenance Muscle weakness of fluid balance Confusion Transmission Abnormal of nerve heartbeat TOXICITY impulses Hyperkalemia Osmosis Potentially life Regular heart threatening rhythm irregular Cell heartbeats

Functions

metabolism

Name Sodium (Na+)

Food Sources

Functions

Deficiency / Toxicity

Table salt, beef, eggs, poultry, milk, cheese

Maintenance of fluid balance Transmission of nerve impulses Osmosis Acid-base balance Regulation of muscle & nerve irritability

DEFICIENCY: Nausea Exhaustion Muscle cramps TOXICITY: Increase in blood pressure Edema

Name

Food Sources

Functions

Deficiency / Toxicity

Chloride Table (Cl+) salt,

Gastric acidity Eggs, Regulation of Seafood, osmotic Milk pressure Osmosis Fluid Balance Acid-base balance Formation of hydrochloric

DEFICIENCY: Imbalance in gastric acidity Imbalance in blood pH Nausea Exhaustion

Deficiency / Toxicity Magnesium Green, Synthesis of DEFICIENCY: (Mg++) ATP Normally leafy Transmission of unknown vegetables nerve impulses mental, , whole Activation of emotional and grains, metabolic muscle avocados, enzymes disorders nuts, milk, Constituent of bones, muscles, legumes, & RBCs bananas Necessary for healthy muscles & nerves

Name

Food Sources

Functions

Name

Food Sources

Functions

Deficiency / Toxicity

Sulfur (S)

Eggs, Poultry, Fish

Maintenance of Unknown protein structure For building hair, nails and all body tissues

Trace Minerals
Name Iron (Fe+) Food Sources Functions Deficiency / Toxicity DEFICIENCY: Iron deficiency anemia characterized by weakness, dizziness, loss of weight and pallor TOXICITY: Hemochromatosis (genetic) Can be fatal to children May contribute to heart disease injure liver

Muscle meats, Poultry, Shellfish, Liver, Legumes, Dried fruits, Whole grain or enriched breads & cereals, Dark green leafy vegetables, Molasses

Transport Oxygen & Carbon dioxide Component of hemoglobin & myoglobin Component of cellular enzymes essential for energy production

Name
Iodine (I)

Food Sources Iodized salt, Seafood

Functions Regulation of basal metabolic rate

Formation of collagen Component of insulin Component of many vital enzymes Wound healing Taste acuity Essential for growth Immune reactions

Deficiency / Toxicity
DEFICIENCY: Goiter Cretinism Myxedema

Zinc (Zn)

Seafood, especially oysters, Liver, Eggs, Milk, Wheat bran, legumes

DEFICIENCY:
Dwarfism Hypogonadism Anemia Loss of apetite Skin changes Impaired wound healing Decreased taste acuity

Name

Food Sources

Functions Constituents of most body tissue Needed for fat metabolism Antioxidant functions

Deficiency / Toxicity DEFICIENCY: Unclear, but related to Keshan disease Muscle weakness TOXICITY: Vomiting Loss of hair and nails Skin lesion DEFICIENCY: Anemia Bone disease Disturbed growth & metabolism TOXICITY: Vomiting Diarrhea Wilsons disease (genetic)

Selenium Seafood, (Se) Kidney, Liver, Muscle meats, Grains

Copper (Cu+)

Liver, Shellfish, Legumes , Nuts, Whole grains

Essential for formation of hemoglobin and RBCs Component of enzymes Wound healing Needed metabolically for the release of energy

Food Sources Manganese Whole (Mn+) grains, Nuts, Fruits, Tea

Fluoride (F)

Name

Functions
Component of enzymes Bone formation Metabolic processes Increases resistance to tooth decay Components of bones & teeth

Deficiency /Toxicity
DEFICIENCY: Unknown TOXICITY: Possible brain disease

Fluoridated water, Seafood

DEFICIENCY: Tooth decay Possibly osteoporosis TOXICITY: Discoloration of teeth (mottling)

Name
Chromium (Cr)

Food Sources

Functions

Deficiency / toxicity
DEFICIENCY: Possibly disturbance of glucose metabolism

Meat, Associated with Vegetable glucose & lipid oil, Whole metabolism grain cereals & nuts, Yeast Dark green leafy vegetables, Liver, Cereal, Legumes Enzyme functioning Metabolism

Molybdenu m (Mo)

DEFICIENCY: Unknown TOXICITY: Inhibition of copper absorption

Terms
IONS Electrically charged atoms resulting from chemical reactions ELECTROLYTE Chemical compound that in water breaks up into electrically charged atoms called ions

TOXICITY State of being poisonous

RICKETS Deficiency disease caused by the lack of calcium & vit. D Caused malformed bones & pain in infants TETANY Involuntary muscle movement

OSMOSIS Movement of a substance through a semipermeable membrane

HYPOKALEMIA Low level of potassium in the blood HYPERKALEMIA Excessive amounts of potassium in the blood ALKALOSIS Condition in which excess base accumulates in, or acids are lost from the body ACIDOSIS Condition in which excess acids or there is a loss of base in the body

MYOGLOBIN Protein compound in muscle that provides oxygen to cells KESHANS DISEASE Condition causing abnormalities in the heart muscles

Water
About 60-70% of the total body weight (45 L) Deprivation of as much as 10% will already result in illness 20% loss may cause death It is possible to live only 10-14 days without water

Compartments of Body Water

Intracellular Fluid Water within cells Approximately 65% of total body fluid (30 L)

Extracellular Fluid Water outside the cell Approximately 35% of total body fluid (15 L)
Interstitial Fluid Fluid between cells

Functions of Water

Universal solvent Component of all body tissues providing structure and form Solvent for nutrients and body wastes and chemical reactions Provides transport for nutrients and wastes via the blood and lymphatic system Essential for hydrolysis and thus metabolism Lubricant of joints and in digestion Helps regulate body temperature by evaporation of perspiration Serves as a shock absorber

Water Intake
Direct intake of water, water bound foods, and from metabolic water Water produced as an end of metabolism amounts to approximately 12 g/100 kcal EX: 100g of fat. CHO, CHON when oxidized will yield 107 ml, 60 ml, and 41 ml of water respectively

Water Output
Water leaves the body: skinperspiration; lungs-water vapor in the expired air; GIT- feces; kidneys-urine Can also be lost with the electrolytes: tears, stomach suction, breathing, vomiting, bleeding, perspiration, drainage from burns, discharges from ulcer, skin diseases, injured or burned areas

Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

The water lost by a healthy individual must be replaced in terms of both volume and electrolyte content Measured in milliequivalents (mEq/L)

Factors that Lead to Fluid Imbalances

FLUID DEFICIT
Environmenta Exposure to sun or high l factors atmospheric temperatures

FLUID EXCESS

Personal behaviors

Fasting Fad diets Exercise without adequate fluid replacement

Excessive sodium or water intake Venous compression due to pregnancy

Low protein intake due to anorexia Fluid retention due: Renal failure, Cardiac conditions, Congestive Heart Failure, Valvular diseases, Left ventricular failure, Cirrhosis, Cancer, Impaired venous return

Psychological Decreased motivation to drink influences to: Fatigue, Depression Consequence Fluid loss due to: Fever, Wound s of disease drainage, Vomiting Diarrhea, Heavy menstrual flow, Burns Difficulty swallowing due to: Oral pain, Fatigue, Neuromuscular weakness Excessive urinary output due to uncontrolled: DM, DI

Acid-Base Balance

This is the regulation of hydrogen ions in body fluids (pH balance) In a water solution: acid gives off H ions and a base picks them up Acidic substance: from pH 1-7, with the lowest numbers representing the most acidic (which contain the most H Ions) Alkaline substances: pH 7-14, with the alkalinity increasing with the number (as the number of H ions decreases pH 7 neutral Blood plasma: pH 7.35-7.45

Abnormalities of Water Balance

DEHYDRATION Loss of water in the body Critical in babies WATER INTOXICATION Result if the water intake is increased without the corresponding increase in the intake of sodium May rise if too much IV is given cells and tissues become water-logged and diluted May cause anorexia, vomiting, in the brain: convulsion, coma & death

Thank you