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Water quality standards Physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters Water quality index Quality for designated uses of water Classification of water bodies
Unclean water supply and poor sanitation the culprits Dealing with water quality issue is important focus is on
Community participation and awareness campaigns Water quality surveillance and monitoring (setting up labs. with qualified manpower, equipment and chemicals)
IS 10500: 2004 Drinking Water - Specifications (2nd revision) upgradation over IS 10500: 1991 - aligns with international specifications
EU Directives and Council Water Quality Directive USEPAs Nat. Prim. Drinking Water Standard, 2002 WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 2008 Now IS 10500: 2012 is available
Table-2: General parameters concerning the substances undesirable in excess amounts (24 parameters: copper, iron,
manganese, nitrate, fluoride, zinc, aluminum, chloride, selenium, sulfate, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, free residual chlorine, phenolic compounds, mineral oil, anionic detergents, boron, barium, sulfide, total hardness, ammonia, chloramines and silver) Table-3: Parameters concerning toxic substances (11 parameters: Mercury, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, lead, total chromium, cyanide, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides residues (listed in table-5), polychlorinated biphenyls, and tri halo methanes (bromoform, chloroform, dibromo chloro methane, and bromo dichloro methane) Table-4: Parameters concerning radioactive substances (2 parameters: Alpha emitters and Beta emitters)
In case of positive test results, resampling should be done to confirm the results in case of confirmed positive results, immediate investigation to discover the source of contamination and its removal are recommended
2 to 3 mg/L of free chlorine for 1 hr. is enough to inactivate the viruses even when the water is organically polluted Sedimentation and slow sand filtration can also contribute to virus removal
Odour
Taste
Turbidity (NTU) Dissolved solids
pH
6.5-8.5
IS 3025 part-11
Fluoride (mg/L)
Zinc (mg/L) Aluminium (mg/L) Chloride (mg/L)
1.0
5.0 0.03 250
1.5
15.0 0.2 1000
IS 3025 part-23
IS 3025 part-49 IS 3025 part-55 IS 3025 part-32
Causes fluorosis
Causes astringent taste and opalescence Has cumulative and causes dementia Taste, corrosion and platability are affected
200
400
Can be 400 mg/L if Mg level is <30 mg/L. causes gastrointestinal irritation if Na/Mg are present
200
600
IS 3025 part-23
75 30 0.2
Encrustation of piping occurs Encrustation of piping occurs Tested at consumer end. (0.5 for virus deactivation)
0.001
0.002
IS 3025 part-43
0.01 0.2
0.03 1.0
Causes undesirable taste and odour after chlorination Causes light froth in water
IS 3025 part-29 Annex F IS 13428 or IS 15302 IS 3025 part-2/ ISO 11885: 1996 IS 3025 part-29
--Can cause cardiovascular problems Causes ostioporosis/ bone disorders Causes objectionable taste and odour
Cadmium
Arsenic Cyanide as CN Hexavalent chromium Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
0.003
0.01 0.05 0.01 0.05
0.003
0.05 0.05 0.01 0.05
IS 3025 part-41
IS 3025 part-37 IS 3025 part-27 IS 3025 part-47 IS 3025 part-52 APHA - 6440
0.0001 0.0001
Pesticides
Nickel Polychlorinated biphenyls
0.0005 0.0005
Trihalomethanes
Method: ASTM D 3973-85/APHA Bromoform: 0.1 mg/L; Dibromo chloro methane: 0.1 mg/L; Bromo dichloro methane: 0.06 mg/L and Chloroform: 0.2 mg/L
All parameters are not equally important, Units of measurement can be different, Ranges of values are different Too many parameters to monitor prove costly, time and resource consuming, and requiring sophisticated labs Interpretation of quality is a specialized job of experts, and communication with public/administrator is a challenge Water Quality Index is solution
Concentration Range
2.7 5.0 5.0 7.5 7.5 9.5 9.5 12.0 0 4500 (S/cm) 0-5 (NTU) 5-80 (NTU) 50 3000 (mg/L) 0-1000 (mg/L) 0-600 (mg/L) 0 2 (mg/L) 2 40 (mg/L) 0 23 (mg/L) 0 1.5 (mg/L) 1.5 8.0 (mg/L) 0 30 (mg/L) 0-1200 (mg/L) 0-1000 (mg/L) 0 1000 (mpn/100ml) 1000-100000 (mpn/100ml) 0 16 0 16
Transformation Equation
y = 6.889x2 - 40.00x + 57.79 y = -10.66x2 + 161.9x - 513.8 y = -22.33x2 + 346.3x - 1242.8 y = 2.666x2 - 69.33x + 448 y = 8E-07x2 - 0.025x + 104.1 y = 99.42e-0.07x y = -22.3ln(x) + 102.9 y = 6E-06x2 - 0.046x + 96.90 y = 7E-05x2 - 0.158x + 100.7 y = -35.1ln(x) + 234.4 y = -7x2 - 1x + 100 y = -20.5ln(x) + 84.61 y = 0.161x2 - 7.953x + 104.5 y = -24x2+16x+100 y = 105.61e-0.327x y = -18.0ln(x) + 70.32 y = 7E-05x2 - 0.157x + 99.60 y = 7E-05x2 - 0.158x + 100.7 y = 80.702e-0.001x y = -4.7772ln(x) + 63 y = 101.9e-0.15x y = 101.9e-0.15x
pH Conductivity Turbidity TDS Total Alkalinity Total Hardness Ammonical-N Nitrate-N Fluoride Iron Chloride Sulfate Fecal Coliform Heavy metal conc. ratio Pesticides and toxic organics conc. ratio
Classification of Waters
Designations applied to surface water bodies
Rivers, streams and canals or their stretches Lakes, reservoirs and impounded waters
Classifications of water are used as tools for the management and protection of water bodies
Water quality standards are also specified for the best uses to be protected within the water bodies
Classification of waters
Water Teatment
Suspended solids, colloidal solids and dissolved solids
Settling: sedimentation tanks; and Filtration: rapid gravity filter and slow sand filter. Coagulation-flocculation-settling RO process, ion-exchange process, and multiple effect evaporator
Hardness
Water softening by lime-soda process Ion-exchnage process and membrane process
Other contaminants
Ion-exchange process, adsorption, precipitation and filtration