Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Case-Control Study
Subjects recruited based on disease status
Retrospective
Exposure Status
D+ D-
E+ EEE+
Case-Control Study
CLINICAL QUESTION: What happened? Rare diseases Illnesses with long latency periods Evaluation of a wide range of potential etiologic exposure
Case-Control Study :
Phenylpropanolamine and the Risk of Hemorrhagic Stroke
Intake of PPA within 30 days before Stroke Intake of PPA within 30 days before interview
Results: PPA was associated with increased risk of Hgic Stroke in women 18 49 years of age
Cohort Study
Cohort means a group of subjects followed over a period of time Main Objectives :
To
describe the incidence of certain outcomes over time (DESCRIPTIVE) To analyze associations between risk factors and those outcomes (ANALYTICAL)
Prospective
Disease Status
D+
E+ E-
DDD+
CLINICAL QUESTION: What will happen? Sample of subjects without the outcome of interest Predictor variables measured Subjects followed over a period of time Most effective way to establish the temporal sequence of predictor and outcome variables
Cohort Study:
2000 Males Aged 50 to 60 years 1000 Smokers Of 10 pack-years 1000 Non-smokers
20 Years
Result: Smoking is a risk factor for Lung Cancer among males aged 50 to 60 years
(Historical Cohort)
Sample of subjects with the outcome of interest similar to the prospective cohort study except that baseline measurements, follow-up, and outcomes all happened in the past Only possible if there is adequate data on the risk factors and outcome
Records Review
Records Review
Cross-Sectional Studies
D+ E+ DDERecruitment of a group of subjects D+ D+ E+ EEDE+
Cross-Sectional Studies
Exposure status and Disease status are measured at one point in time Useful for chronic illnesses (gradual onset, long duration) Prevalence studies Less costly than cohort studies