FORMWORK

K.Lavanya M.Tech
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Presented By

DEFINITION:
Its is an artificial support provided below and around

the precast or cast insitu concrete work.

Formwork is commonly made of
Steel
wood

Formwork construction & casting is of prime

importance in concrete industry. It share a significant amount of concrete cost.

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Formwork is designed according to The ACI

Qualities of formwork:
It should be water tight It should be strong It can be reusable Its contact surface should be uniform It should be according to the size of

member.
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Uses:
Formwork molds the concrete to the

desired shape and size, and controls its position and alignment.
It is used to transfer the temporary

external loads.

Major objectives considered in formwork:

Quality
Safety

Economy

 Quality:

Forms must be designed and built with sufficient stiffness and accuracy so that the size, shape, position, and finish of the cast concrete are maintained.
Safety:

Forms must be built sufficient strength and factor of safety so that they have the capable of all supporting loads.

Economy:

Forms must be built efficiently, minimizing time and cost..

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Requirements of formwork:
Material should be cheap and re usable, It should be practically water proof, so that it should not

absorb water

from concrete,

Swelling and shrinkage should be minimum, Strong enough to with stand all external loads, Deflection should be minimum, Surface should be smooth, and afford easy striping, Light in weight, so that easy to transfer, Joints should be stiff, so that lateral deformation and leak

is minimum .
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THREE STAGES:
a) Assembly and erection
b) Concrete placement c) Stripping and dismantling

TYPES OF FORMWORK:
Temporary Structure

Temporary structure required to safely support concrete until it reaches adequate

strength
Permanent Structure

Formwork detail for different structural members

In concrete construction formwork is commonly provided for the following structural members. o Wall o Column o Slabs & Beams o Stairs o Chimneys o Water tanks o Cooling Towers
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Formwork for Wall

It consists of Timber sheeting Vertical posts Horizontal members Rackers Stakes Wedges After completing

one side of formwork reinforcement is provided at the place then the second side formwork is provided.
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Wall forms:
Wall forms principally resist the lateral pressure

generated by fresh concrete as a liquid or semi liquid

material.
The pressure can be quite large, certainly many times

the magnitude of live loads on permanent floors.

So design often involves closely spaced and well-

supported members.
Snap ties, flat ties, loop ties are single use ties usually

relatively low capacity 680 kg to 1450 kg.

Coil ties, he bolts, she bolts are left embedded in

concrete , or it can be reused.

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Wall forms:

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Formwork for Column

It consists of the

following Side & End Planks Yoke Nut & Bolts Two end & two side planks are joined by the yokes and bolts.

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Column forms:
Column-forms materials tend to vary with the column

shape.
Wood or steel is often used with square or rectangular

column.
Round column forms more typically pre manufactured in a

range of standard diameters, are available in steel, paper

board, and fiber reinforced plastic.
Round column are more structural efficient compared to

square, since the internal pressures can be resisted by the hoop membrane.
Round steel forms are generally used for larger columns

and bridge piers and come in diameters about 0.36m to 15

3mts..

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Formwork for columns

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Formwork for Slabs & beams:

It consists of Sole plates Wedges Props Head tree Planks Batten Ledgers Beam formwork

rests on head tree Slab form work rests on battens and joists If prop height are more than 8 provide horizontal braces.
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Lintel or Beam Formwork:

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FORMWORK FOR SLAB:

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FORMWORK FOR STAIRS:

It consists of
Vertical & inclined

posts Inclined members

Wooden Planks or

sheeting Stringer Riser Planks

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FORMWORK FOR STAIRS:

The sheathing or decking for deck slabs is

carried on cross-joists which are in turn supported on raking ledgers

The ledgers are generally of 7.5cm x 10cm size

.
The cross- joists may be 5cm x 10cm size The riser planks are 4-5 cm thick and equal to

the height of riser

The

riser

planks

are

placed

after 22 the

FORMWORK FOR STAIRS:

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FORMWORK FOR STAIRS:

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FORMWORK FOR CHIMNEYS:

For tall chimneys two types of forms techniques are in generally use in our country

a) Jump form
b) Slip form

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Jump Form:
In this type jacking bars are either cast in

concrete or else are carried in tubes which are cast in concrete.

After casting a lift, concrete is allowed to set

and then the forms are raised by jacks and

the next lift is cast.
Jacks are usually placed about 2m apart and

are designed.
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Slip Form:
The slip form method of concrete construction

is used for forming both horizontal and vertical

concrete structures.
It often used for forming highway pavements

as continuous operation.
Slip form methods is also been used for

forming various types of vertical concrete

structures.
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FORMWORK FOR CHIMNEYS:

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FORMWORK FOR CHIMNEYS:

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Removal of formwork:

Time of formwork removal depends on the following factors

1. Type of Cement 1. Rapid hardening cements require lesser time as compared

to OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement)

2. Ratio of concrete mix 1. Rich ratio concrete gain strength earlier as compared to

weak ratio concrete.

3. Weather condition 1. Hydration process accelerates in hot weather conditions as

compared to cold and humid weather conditions.

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Time of Removal of formwork:

Sr . Structural Member N o

OPC
(Ordinary Portland Cement)

Rapid Hardeni ng Cement

2 Days 3 Days

1 2

Beam sides, walls & Columns Slab (Vertical Supports remains

intact)

2-3 Days 4 Days

3
4

Slab (Complete Formwork

removal)

10 Days
8 Days

5 Days
5 Days

Beams (Removal of Sheeting,

Props remains intact)

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6
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Beams & Arches (Complete

formwork removal) (up to 6 m span)

14 Days
21 Days

5-8 Days
8-10 Days

Beams & Arches (Complete

formwork removal) (more than 6 m span)

Maintenance of formwork:
Due to continuous use wooden planks &

steel plates surfaces become uneven and

require maintenance.
For wooden formwork use cardboard or

plastic fiber board. Bolt hole places must also be repaired.

For steel formwork plates must be leveled

by mallet and loose corners must be

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Cost of formwork
For normal works cost of formwork is about 30%-40% of

the concrete cost.

For special works cost of formwork is about 50%-60% of

the concrete cost.

Formwork cost is controlled by the following factors
Formwork Material cost Formwork erecting cost Formwork removal cost Formwork jointing cost (Nails and Cables) Labor charges.
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Advantages of steel form work:

It can be used for a no. of times.

It is non absorbent.
Smooth finish surface obtained.

No shrinkage of formwork occurs.

Easy to use. Its volume is less Its strength is more.
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LOADS ON FORMWORK:
Formwork is subjected to following loads:
a)
b) c) d)

Dead weight of concrete

Hydrostatic pressure of the concrete Live load due to working laborers Impact effect at the time of pouring concrete into the formwork

e)

Vibrations transmitted to formwork during pouring concrete

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FORMWORK DESIGN
Guiding points in the Design of formwork
For design purpose, temporary live load due to labor

and equipment including impact may be taken from 3700N/m2 to 4000N/m2

Dead weight of wet concrete (26000 N/m3)
Planks or boards used to form the vertical facing of

the columns or walls is known as sheathing whereas

those used for floor slabs are called decking
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 The hydrostatic pressure due to fluidity of concrete in the

initial stages of pouring depends upon several factors such as amount of water, size of aggregates, rate of pouring

etc.,
The hydrostatic pressure is maximum at the time of

pouring, but after some time it starts decreasing, as concrete starts setting and hardening. This pressure is mainly dependent on the depth of concrete poured before it starts setting
Deflection of the sheathing and joists should be limited to a

maximum value of 2.5mm

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Contd...
The minimum wind design pressure q not less

than 15 psf and bracing should be designed for

at least w =46 kg/ft- length applied to the top
The

minimum

lateral

load w,

for

design

of

bracing system would be greater than,

q .(h/2)

or

46 kg/ft

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Contd...
For design practice the maximum pressure is given by: p = wh Where, p => lateral pressure of concrete, w => unit weight of concrete, h => depth of fluid or plastic concrete.

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Contd...
For horizontal pressure of concrete is given by:

For walls constructing R less than 2.1m/hr;

p =150+9000(R/T) For walls constructing R varies from 2.1m/hr to

3m/hr;
p = 150+(43,400/T)+2800(R/T) For columns 3m/hr;

p = 150+9000(R/T)
Where, R => rate of vertical placement, T => time for placement.
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DESIGN OF SLAB FORMWORK:

Design of slab forms can be summarized in the following design steps:
Step 1: Estimate design loads Step 2: Determine sheathing thickness and spacing of its

supports (joist spacing)

Step 3: Determine joist size and spacing of supports (stringer

spacing)
Step 4: Determine stringer size and span (shore spacing) Step 5: Perform shore design to support stringers Step 6: Check bearing stresses
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Step 7: Design lateral bracing

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