Introduction to

SURGICAL ONCOLOGY

ONCOLOGY
MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD OF MEDICINE Oncology ORCHESTRA

Oncology Orchestra
General Physician Radiology Specialist Pathology Specialist General Surgeon Surgical Oncologist Medical Oncologist Radiotherapy Oncologist Oncologic Nursing Specialist Palliative Medicine Medical Rehabilitation Nutrition specialist Psychologist etc..

3 Factors

Tumour Factors Patients Factors Doctor & Hospital Factors

Tumour Factors
Clinical diagnosis Microscopic diagnosis Lymphatic metastase Hematogenic metastase

Patient Factors
Physical General Status Psychological Status Socioeconomic Factors

Doctor & Hospital factors

Competence of Doctors Supporting Facilities

Tumors
Clinical dx Microscopic dx Treatment Planning Curative treatment or non curative Palliative treatment Temporary or definitive

Microscopic
Tumor type Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Blastoma (embryonal), Lymphoreticular Histopathological grading Extent of the disease to surounding tissue

Microscopic Factors
Differentiation degree Well, moderate, poorly differentiated Undifferentiated With/without surrounding tumor invasion Lymph node mets, is there any invasive lymphnode capsule Distant metastase

Grade of malignancy
Pleomorphic changes of the cell Grade of differentiation The number of mitosis Cells necrosis

Natural History of Cancer

Dysplasia Carcinoma (malignancy in situ) Invasive type/ Infiltrating type Local extension Spreading lymphatic or haematogenic

Special: Basal cell carcinoma Locally destruction

TNM staging
Tumor Node (Lymph node) Metastase To indicate treatment planning To indicate prognosis To facilitate evaluation and exchange of treatment result

SPREAD
Lymphatic spread Extranodal growth Haematogenic spread

Tumor The extent of primary tumor

T 0 : no evidence of primary tumour Tis : insitu T 1-4 (a, b, c) : increasing size T1 microscopic

Lymph node The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastase
N 0 : no evidence of regional lymph node involvement N 1-3 : increasing involvement number mobility/ fixation connection to one another

Metastase The absence or presence of distant metastase

Distant Metastase Haematogenic metastase Lymph node metastses beyond the regional lymph node area

Clinical and Pathological

cTxNxMx (Clinical TNM) pTxNxMx (Pathological) Postoperative microscopic examination of resected tissue Exp: preop cT2N0M0 become pT2N2M0 Implications for treatment planning

The Basic
No Cancer treatment may start before there is microscopic evidence of a malignant disesase Plays a significant role in oncology Cytology: FNAB/FNAC Exfoliative cytology Histolgy: Thick needle biopsy/ core needle biopsy, incisional biopsy, excisional biopsy

 Depends on the site and siize of tumour The pathological information that is needed for treatment planning Bite punch biopsy

FNAB FNAC
Easy, simple, quick Hardly any complications Disadvantages Histologic characteristics like invasive growth are misssing A possible false-negative result Bone?

 A NEGATIVE RESULT MEANS: NO TUMOUR CELLS ARE FOUND IN THE SAMPLE THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT THIS EXCLUDES A MALIGNANT TUMOUR THE SAMPLE TOO SMALL TAKEN FROM ADJACENT TISSUE

WHEM THERE IS CLINICAL SUSPICION OF MALIGNANT TUMOUR

SHOULD BE REPEATED OR ANOTHER BIOPSY METHOD

TUMOUR SPILL IN BIOPSY

CONTAMINATION OF THE SURROUNDING TISSUES WITH TUMOUR CELLS WHICH IN TURN CAN CAUSE RECURRENT TUMOURS

 IN THE IMMEDIATE SURROUNDING OF THE INVASIVE PROCEDURES IN CAVITIES SPONTANEOUSLY IATROGENIC

 FNAC, very rare Excisional biopsy extended microscopically wider than was expected clinically Incisional biopsy always occur

Contaminated instrument Must be replaced From several lesions Use clean instrument for each new biopsy May be One of the tumour malignant the others are not

Local anesthesia
Field block Field wise at a distance around the lesion NOT TO INFILTRATE UNDER OR IN THE LESION LOCAL NERVE BLOCK OR GENERAL ANESTHESIA FNAC no need Thick or Core biopsy only the skin area

Treatment
Treatment Planning WATCHFUL WAITING Curative treatment or non curative Palliative treatment Temporary or definitive Locoregional treatment Systemic treatment

Tumour type Biological behavioour Localization and the extent The Age and the general conditions

Locoregional Treatment
Surgery Radiation Therapy Whether or not combined with cancer drug treatment (aduvant treatment) Curation can be obtained whom the the tumour is restricted to the primary locoregional area and in the whom locoregional lymph nodes do not show extranodal growth

SYSTEMIC DISEASE

 Neoadjuvant treatment Cancer drug treatment Radiation Therapy Hormonal therapy Immunotherapy Spesific Receptors therapy

SURGERY
The most dramatic but not the only

Most tumours cancer surgery is usually more extensive than non-oncological surgery Tumor characteristics Biological behaviour Possibilities of radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy

EVERY ONCOLOGICAL SURGICAL TREATMENT

WITH CURATIVE INTENT IS AIMED TO COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE TUMOUR AND POSSIBLY PRESENT LYMPH NODE METASTASES

 Excision with small margins Excisions with large marins Excision en-bloc of the primary tumour and the regional lymph node area Lymph node dissection

EXAMINATION OF RESECTION MARGINS

Enucleation (only in selected cases) Tissue destructive methods Isolated regional perfusion Excision of haematogenic metastases

Follow up
IN ONCOLOGY FOLLOW UP IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF PATIENT MANAGEMENT FOR SEVERAL TUMOURS FOLLOW UP IS ALSO IMPORTANT IN THE ERALY DETECTION OF A SECOND PRIMARY TUMOUR IN THE CASE OF LOCAL OR DISTANT RECURRENCES, TREATMENT WITH CURATIVE INTENT CAN STILL BE OFFERED TO SEVERAL PATIENTS

THANK YOU
TO SERVE AND TO PROTECT PROTECT YOURSELF BY PROTECT YOUR PATIENTs PRIMUM NON NOCERE Learn to communicate with patients and their family Learn to teach patients and their family Balanced informations