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It is that kind of survey in which compass is used for making angular measurement of a traverse. In compass surveying to determine the direction of various survey lines of a traverse a compass is used to measure the angles which these lines make with magnetic meridian. However the process of chaining and offsetting is same as in chain surveying.
COMPASS SURVEYING
Suitability:
When survey is to be conducted along a long narrow strip like road, canal, railway. When area can not be divided in to triangles. When surveying is to be conducted across a jungle or in a dense forest. When area to be surveyed is hilly and chaining is difficult and liable to be erroneous.
COMPASS SURVEYING
This kind of survey is not suitable for areas which is full of magnetic rocks or iron ores or having high voltage electric lines.
COMPASS
It is a small instrument that consists of a magnetic needle, a graduated ring and a line of sight. When the line of sight is directed towards a particular line, the magnetic needle points towards the magnetic meridian and the angle between the line and the magnetic meridian is read on the graduated ring.
COMPASS
TYPES:
There are two types of compass:
1. Prismatic Compass
2. Surveyor's Compass
COMPASS
Prismatic Compass:
COMPASS
BEARING
Bearing of a Line: It is the horizontal angle which a line makes with some reference direction.
MERIDIAN
TYPES OF MERIDIANS
TRUE MERIDIAN
TYPES OF MERIDIANS
TRUE MERIDIAN:
At a place, it is the direction indicated by an imaginary circle passing round the earth through the two geographical poles(North and South) and that point.
TYPES OF MERIDIANS
MAGNETIC MERIDIAN
It is the direction indicated by a freely suspended and properly balanced magnetic needle unaffected by the local attractive forces.
TYPES OF MERIDIANS
ARBITRARY OR ASSUMED MERIDIAN For small surveys, it is any convenient assumed direction.
TYPES OF BEARINGS
TYPES OF BEARINGS
TRUE BEARING
The angle which any line makes with the true meridian is termed as true bearing.
It is also known as azimuth.
TYPES OF BEARINGS
MAGNETIC BEARING:
The angle which any line makes with the magnetic meridian is termed as true bearing or simply bearing.
TYPES OF BEARINGS
ARBITRARY OR ASSUMED BEARING: The angle which any line makes with the arbitrary meridian is termed as true bearing or simply bearing.
DESIGNATION OF BEARINGS
The bearings are expressed in following two ways: 1. Whole Circle Bearings
2.
Quadrantal Bearings
DESIGNATION OF BEARINGS
Whole Circle Bearings: It is the horizontal angle which a line makes with the North direction of the meridian measured in clockwise direction having values varying upto 360o. A prismatic compass is used to measure this type of bearings.
DESIGNATION OF BEARINGS
QUADRANTAL BEARINGS:
It is the horizontal angle that a line makes with either North or South direction of the meridian whichever is nearer measured in clockwise or anticlockwise directions towards east or west of meridian having numerical value varying upto 90o. A surveyors compass is used to measure this type of bearing.
DESIGNATION OF BEARINGS
DESIGNATION OF BEARINGS
DESIGNATION OF BEARINGS
LOCAL ATTRAACTION Sometimes due to the presence of magnetic substances or electric current, the magnetic needle of the compass does not points towards the actual magnetic north or south. Therefore, it is said to be under the influence of external attractive forces. Such disturbing forces which prevents the magnetic needle to occupy its normal position are named as local attractive forces.
LOCAL ATTRAACTION
CAUSES:
Natural Causes like proximity to magnetic
rocks or iron ore.
LOCAL ATTRACTION
DETECTION:
Local attraction at any particular place can be detected by observing both fore and back bearing of the survey line. If the difference of the two differ by 180o then there is no local attraction and if not then exist local attractive forces and either of the two will be affected by local attractive forces.
MAGNETIC DECLINATION
Barring a few places, the magnetic meridian does not coincide with the true meridian of that place. Therefore, the horizontal angle with which the magnetic meridian fails to coincide with true meridian at that particular place is termed as magnetic declination of that particular place.
MAGNETIC DECLINATION
If the magnetic needle is towards east of the true meridian, the magnetic declination is said to be east declination and if it towards west then the declination is termed as west declination.
MAGNETIC DECLINATION
CALCULATION OF BEARINGS:
True Bearing = Magnetic Bearing Magnetic Declination
Use +ve sign when magnetic declination is towards east otherwise use ve sign.
MAGNETIC DIP
Before magnetisation of the needle it remains in the horizontal position, but after magnetisation due to the influence of the earth it can not remain in horizontal position and one end of the needle remain deflected downward towards nearest magnetic pole i. e. in northern hemisphere, north end of the needle deflected downwards and vice versa. Therefore, the inclination of the magnetic needle with the horizontal in vertical plane is known as magnetic dip of the needle.
MAGNETIC DIP
The amount of magnetic dip varies from place to place on the earth surface. It depends upon the distance from the equator. Magnetic dip of the needle is zero at the equator and maximum 90o at the poles. To keep the magnetic needle in the horizontal position a brass weight, rider, is used at a suitable point over the higher end of the needle.
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