LECTURE NOTES ON CE 163 Design of Steel Structures

by PROF. NATHANIEL C. TARRANZA Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

Property of MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Unauthorized use and/or reproduction may result to civil and/or criminal liabilities.

COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS Axially loaded Compression members: Modes of failure 1. Compression failure due to excessive compressive stress 2. Buckling failure - due to excessive bending in the weak axis. Classification of section for local buckling: 1. Compact Flanges are continuously connected to the web/s and the width-thickness ratios of its compression elements must not exceed the limiting ratio p from Table 502.4.1 2. Non-Compact If the width-thickness ratios of its compression elements exceeds p but does not exceed r from Table 502.4.1 3 . Slender element - If the width-thickness ratios of its compression elements exceeds r from Table 502.4.1 Stiffened elements - supported along two edges parallel to direction of the compression force. Unstiffened elements - supported along only one edge parallel to direction of the compression force.
2

Problem : Evaluate whether or not the stiffened and unstiffened elements of the following shapes are slender under uniform compression. Given Fy = 248 MPa. and E = 200,000MPa a. W 920 x 446 web: d = 933 mm. and tw = 24.0 mm. flange: bf = 423mm. and tf = 42.7 mm. web: d = 868 mm. and tw = 21.1 mm. flange: bf = 403 mm. and tf = 35.6mm. web: d = 786mm. and tw = 19.7 mm. flange: bf = 384 mm. and tf = 33.4mm. web: d = 706 mm. and tw = 18.4 mm. flange: bf = 358 mm. and tf = 30.2mm. web: d = 635 mm. and tw = 17.9mm. flange: bf = 329 mm. and tf = 31.0mm.

b. W 840 x 359 c. W 760 x 314 d. W 690 x 265 e. W 610 x 241 Solution:

Unstiffened flange element: b/t = ( bf )/tf

r = 0.56 E/Fy = 15.9

Stiffened web element

: b/t = h/tw

r = 1.49 E/Fy

= 42.31

a. For W 920 x 446

h = d 2tf = 933 2(47.2) = 838.6

Unstiffened flange element: ( bf )/tf = (423)/47.2 =4.48 < r = 0.56 E/Fy not slender Stiffened web element : h/tw = 838.6 / 24 = 34.94 < r = 1.49 E/Fy not slender b. For W 840 x 359 h = d 2tf = 868 2(35.6) = 796.8 Unstiffened flange element: ( bf )/tf = (403)/35.6= 5.66 < r = 0.56 E/Fy Stiffened web element : h/tw = 796.8 / 21.1 = 37.76 < r = 1.49 E/Fy c. For W 760 x 314 h = d 2tf = 768 2(33.4) = 701.2 Unstiffened flange element: ( bf )/tf = (384)/33.4= 5.75 < r = 0.56 E/Fy Stiffened web element : h/tw = 701.2 / 19.7 = 35.59 < r = 1.49 E/Fy

not slender not slender

not slender not slender

Compressive Strength (NSCP 2010):

Design compressive strength = Pn for LRFD Allowable compressive strength = Pn / for ASD where = resistance factor = 0.90 = safety factor = 1.67 Pn = nominal Compressive strength Slender Limitations and Effective length: Slenderness ratio = KL/r K = effective length factor L = laterally unbraced length of the member r = governing (least) radius of gyration = I/A I = moment of inertia A= cross sectional area

Effective length of columns: - This is the length over which the column will actually buckle, and is dependent on the restraints provided at the column ends. - It is taken as KL, where L is the unbraced length and K is the effective length factor

Effective length factor K:

Buckled shape

Theoretical K Design K

0.5 0.65

0.7 0.80

1.0 1.2

1.0 1.0

2.0 2.1

2.0 2.0

Compressive Strength for Flexure Buckling of Members Without Slender Elements:

Pn = Fcr Ag 1. when KL/r 4.71 E/Fy

where Fcr is determined as follows: or Fe 0.44 Fy

Fcr = [0.658 Fy/Fe ] Fy 2. when KL/r > 4.71 E/Fy or Fe < 0.44 Fy

Fcr = [0.877 ] Fe

where Fe = elastic critical buckling stress = 2 E / (KL/r )2

Compressive Strength for Flexure Buckling of Members With Slender Elements:

Pn = Fcr Ag

where Fcr is determined as follows:

1. when KL/r 4.71

E/QFy

or Fe 0.44 QFy

Fcr = Q[0.658 QFy/Fe ] Fy

2. when

KL/r > 4.71

E/QFy

or Fe < 0.44 QFy

Fcr = [0.877 ] Fe where Fe = elastic critical buckling stress = 2 E / (KL/r )2 Q = 1.0 for members with compact and non-compact sections = Qa Qs for members with slender elements.
8

Values of Qs (reduction factor for slender unstiffened elements):

1. For flanges, angles and plates projecting from rolled columns or other compression members

a) when b/t 0.56 E/Fy Qs =1.0

b) when 0.56 E/Fy < b/t 1.03 E/Fy Qs =1.415 0.74((b/t) Fy /E c) when b/t > 1.03 E/Fy

0.69E Qs = ------------Fy (b/t)2

where b = width of unstiffened compression element t = thickness of the element
9

2. For flanges, angles, and plates projecting from built-up columns or other compression members a) when b/t 0.64 Ekc /Fy Qs =1.0 a) when 0.64 Ekc /Fy < b/t 1.17 Qs =1.415 0.65 (b/t) c) when b/t > 1.17 Ekc /Fy Ekc /Fy

Fy /Ekc

0.90Ekc Qs = ------------Fy (b/t)2

where kc = 4/ h/tw but not less than 0.35 and nor more than 0.76

10

3. For single angles a) when b/t 0.45 E/Fy Qs =1.0

b) when 0.45 E/Fy < b/t 0.91 E/Fy

Qs =1.34 0.76(b/t) Fy /E

c) when b/t > 0.91 E/Fy

0.53E Qs = ------------Fy (b/t)2

where b = full width of longest angle leg

11

4. For stem of tees a) when d/t 0.75 E/Fy Qs =1.0 b) when 0.75 E/Fy < d/t 1.03 E/Fy Qs =1.908 1.22(d/t) c) when d/t > 1.03 E/Fy Fy /E

0.69E Qs = ------------Fy (b/t)2

where d = full nominal depth of the tee

12

Values of Qa (Reduction factor for slender stiffened element): Qa = Aeff / A where A = total cross-sectional area of member Aeff = summation of the effective area of the cross section based on the reduced (effective) width, be 1. For uniformly compressed slender elements with b/t 1.49 E/f except flanges of square and rectangular sections of uniform thickness be = 1.92t E/f [ 1 *0.34/(b/t)+ E/f + b

where f = Fcr with Q = 1.0 2. For flanges of square and rectangular slender element sections of uniform thickness and b/t 1.40 E/f be = 1.92t E/f [ 1 *0.38/(b/t)+ E/f + b

where f = Pn / Aeff

( f could be taken as Fy )
13

3. For axially loaded circular sections

when 0.11(E/Fy ) < D/t < 0.45 (E/Fy ) 0.038E 2 Q = Qa = ----------- + ---Fy (D/t)2 3 where D = outside diameter t = wall thickness

14

Problem: Given Fy = 248 Mpa and E = 200,000 Mpa, determine the nominal compressive strength of W 920 x 446 which has an unbraced length of 4m in both x and y axis, and is fixed at both ends. If the dead load is 6000 kN, how much live load can be safely carried by the compression member using LRFD, with 1.2 and 1.6 overload factors for dead load and live load, respectively.

Solution: For W 920 x 446 : d = 933 mm. and tw = 24.0 mm. bf = 423mm. and tf = 42.7 mm. A = 57,000 mm2

Ix = 8,470 x 106 mm4 Iy = 540 x 106 mm4

r x = 385 mm r y = 97.3 mm

For the unstiffened flange element, r = 0.56 E/Fy = 15.9 ( bf )/tf = (423)/47.2 =4.48 < r (= 15.9) not slender Qs = 1.0
For the stiffened web element , r = 1.49 E/Fy = 42.31 h = d 2tf = 933 2(47.2) = 838.6 h/tw = 838.6 / 24 = 34.94 < r (= 42.31) not slender therefore, the member is without slender elements.

15

effective length factor K = 0.65 for both ends fixed controlling KL/r = 0.65(4,000)/ 97.3 = 26.72 4.71 E/Fy = 133.75
For members without slender elements: when KL/r 4.71 E/Fy Fcr = [0.658 Fy/Fe ] Fy Fe = 2 E / (KL/r )2 = 2 (200,000)/(26.72)2 = 2,764.5 Mpa. Fcr = [0.658 248/2764 .5] 248

= 238.93 Mpa. Pn = Fcr Ag = 238.93(57,000)

= 13,619.12 kN For LRFD: Design compressive strength = Pn where = 0.9 = 0.9 (13,619.12) = 12,257.19 kN 1.2D + 1.6L = 12,257.19 1.2(6000) 1.6L = 12,257.19 L = 3,160.75 kN. (answer)
16

Problem: a) By ASD, determine whether the built-up I-section with unbraced length L = 3.5m in both x and y axes of the section, can safely carry a total load of 3000 kN. Use Fy = 290MPa. E = 200,000 Mpa. Column is hinged on both ends. Figure: 300mm Solution: Computing for sectional properties:
20mm

Aflange = 300(20) = 6000 mm2 Aweb = 700(15) = 10500 mm2 A = 2Aflange + Aweb = 2(6000)+10500 = 22,500mm2
x
700mm
15mm

740mm

300mm 300mm

Ix = 2[(300)(20)3 /12 + (300)(20)(360)2 ] + 15(700)3 / 12 = 584,670,000mm4 Iy = 2(20)(300)3/12 + (700)(15)3 /12 = 90,196,875 mm4 rmin = ry = Iy/A = 90,196,875 /22500 = 63.31 mm.

20mm

b) If the dead load is 1500 kN, how much live load can the section carry using LRFD with 1.2 and 1.6 overload factors for dead load and live load.
17

Check for slenderness of elements: (note: section is built-up) Unstiffened flange : bf /2tf = 300/(2x20) = 7.5 kc = 4/ h/tw = 4/ 700/15 = 0.586 0.64 kc E/Fy = 12.86 bf /2tf < 0.64 kc E/Fy therefore, not slender thus Qs = 1.0 Stiffened web: b/t = h /tw = 700/15 = 46.67 1.49 E/Fy = 39.12 h/ tw > 1.49 E/Fy therefore, slender be = 1.92t E/f [ 1 *0.34/(b/t)+ where f = Fcr with Q = 1.O KL/r = 1.0 (3.5x1000)/63.31 = 52.28 KL/r < 4.71 E/Fy E/f + b

and 4.71

E/Fy = 123.69

therefore, Fcr = [0.658 Fy/Fe ] Fy

Fe = 2 E / (KL/r )2 = 722.20 Mpa. Fcr = [0.658 Fy/Fe ] Fy = 245.09 Mpa. be = 1.92(15) 200,000/245.09 [ 1 [0.34/46.67] 200,000/245.09] = 651.55mm
18

be < b (note: b = h = 700mm in case of the web) use be = 651.55mm

Aeff = 2(Af ) + be (tw ) = 2(6000) + 651.55(15) = 21,773.35mm2 KL/r < 4.71 E/QF thus,

Fcr = Q[0.658 QFy/Fe ] Fy

= 0.9677 [ 0.6580.9677(290)/722.20] 290 = 238.51 MPa

Qa = Aeff / A = 21,773.35/ 22,500 = 0.9677 Q = Qs Qa = 1.0(0.9677) = 0.9677 4.71

Pn = Fcr Aa = 238.51(22,500) = 5366.634 kN.

E/QFy = 4.71 200,000/(0.9677x 290) = 125.73

19

a) By ASD Allowable compressive strength = Pn / where = 1.67 = 5366.634 kN./1.67 = 3,213.55 kN Therefore, the section can safely carry the total load of 3000 kN.
b) By LRFD Design compressive strength = Pn where = 0.90 = 0.90(5366.634) = 4829.971 kN Load combination: 1.2D + 1.6L = 4829.971 1.2(1500) + 1.6L = 4829.971 L = 1893.73 kN. (Make a conclusion. Which method is more conservative? ASD or LRFD?)

20

Effective length of columns: - This is the length over which the column will actually buckle, and is dependent on the restraints provided at the column ends. - It is taken as KL, where L is the unbraced length and K is the effective length factor thus: Fe = 2E/ [( KL/r)2] Effective length factor K:

Buckled shape

Theoretical K Design K

0.5 0.65

0.7 0.80

1.0 1.2

1.0 1.0

2.0 2.1

2.0 2.0

21

AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Modes of failure: 1. Compression failure due to excessive compressive stress 2. Buckling failure - due to excessive bending in the weak axis. Critical axial load for buckling failure: (Eulers equation) where E = modulus of elasticity I = moment of enertia about the weak axis L = distance between lateral support, unbraced length The Euler critical stress is, therefore: Fe = Pe /A = (2EI/ L2)/A = (2E/ L2)/(I/A) but r = radius of gyration = I/A A = cross sectional area thus, Fe = 2E/ [( L/r)2] where L/r is called the slenderness ratio of the member As slenderness ratio increases, the buckling stress decreases and the column becomes more slender and susceptible to buckling.
22

Pe = 2EI/ L2

About the x and y axes, the slenderness ratios are: SRx = ( K xL x / r x) SRy = ( K yLy / r y)

The higher of the two values of SR will determine about which axis will the column buckle. The critical slenderness ratio , Cc is obtained by limiting the Euler critical stress to 0.5Fy. Thus: Fe = 2E/ [( KL/r)2] 0.50Fy = 2E/ Cc 2 Cc = 22E/ Fy If the actual SR is greater than Cc , the column is called a long column and will fail by buckling. If the actual SR is lesser than Cc , the column is called an intermediate column and will fail by pure compression.

23

Local Buckling: - Buckling of some elements of the compression member - Dependent on width-thickness ratio (b/t) of the element Definition: a) stiffened elements supported along two parallel edges
b b t b

b) unstiffened elements - supported along one edge only

bf/2 t b t t b b t

t b
24

To prevent local buckling: b/t H/ Fy or D/t 22,750/ Fy for tubular sections with outside diameter D and wall thickness t.

Values of H: (2001 NSCP)

Unstiffened elements stem of tees --------------------------------------------------------------- 333 double angles in contact ----------------------------------------------- 250 compression flange of beams ----------------------------------------- 250 angles or plates projecting from girders ---------------------------- 250 kc columns or other compression memebers and compression flange of plate girders stiffeners on plate girders --------------------------------------------- 250 flanges of tees and I-beams (use bf/2t) ---------------------------- 250 single angle strut or separated double angle strut ------------- 200 stiffened elements square and rectangular box sections------------------------------- 625 cover plates with multiple access holes--------------------------- 832 other uniformly compresses members---------------------------- 664
kc = 4.05/(h/t)0.46 , if h/t > 70, otherwise kc = 1.0
25

Reduction factor Qs on the allowable compressive stress of unstiffened compression elements: For single angles: when 200/ Fy b/t 407/

Fy

Qs = 1.340 0.001702(b/t) Fy when b/t 407/ Fy

Qs = 106,870 /[Fy (b/t)2]

For angles or plates projecting from columns or other compression members, and for projecting elements of compression flanges of beams and girders:
when 249/ Fy / kc b/t 512/ Fy / kc

Qs = 1.293 0.001177(b/t) Fy / kc when b/t 512/ Fy / kc Qs = 180,640 /[Fy (b/t)2]

26

For stem of tees: when 333/ Fy b/t 462/ Qs = 1.908 0.00272(b/t) Fy when b/t > 462/ Fy

Fy

Qs = 135,900/[Fy (b/t)2]
Effective width be of stiffened compression elements when b/t H/ Fy For flanges of square and rectangular sections of uniform thickness:

be = [664t/

f ] {1 - 132.1/ *(b/t)

f + }

For other uniformly compressed elements: be = [664t/ f ] {1 - 116.3/ *(b/t) f + } b

where: b = actual width of the stiffened compression element t = element thickness f = computed compressive stress

27

Allowable Compressive stress: (2001 NSCP) For intermediate columns with KL/r Cc : Fa = Q [ 1 (KL/r)2 / (2 Cc2 )] [Fy / FS] where

FS = 5/3 + 3/8 (KL/r) / Cc - 1/8 (KL/r) 3/ Cc3

Cc = 22 E / (QFy ) Q = Q s Q a when the cross section is composed of stiffened and unstiffened elements Q = Q s when the cross-section is composed entirely of unstiffened elements Q = Q a when the cross-section is composed entirely of stiffened elements Qa = A e / Aa A e = effective area of section with be used instead of b. A a = gross area of section using the actual width b. For long columns with KL/r > Cc : Fa = 12/23 [2E/ [( KL/r)2] where KL/r is the larger of SRx = ( K xL x / r x) and SRy = ( K yLy / r y)
28

Problem: A steel column with E = 200,000 Mpa, Fy = 250 MPA, and an unbraced length L of 3.0m in both x and y directions is to carry an axial load of 1800kN. If the column is to be hinged on both ends, determine whether or not the following sections are safe to use as the column. Assume Q = 1 Section A : Area = 13,800 mm2 ; Ix = 293.63 x 10 6 mm4 ; Iy = 67.59 x 10 6 mm4 Section B : Area = 11,550 mm2 ; Ix = 177.04 x 10 6 mm4 ; Iy = 39.14 x 10 6 mm4 Solution: Cc = 22 E / (QFy) = 22 (200,000 / 250 = 125.66 K = 1.0 when both ends are hinged For section A: rmin = IY / A = 67.59 x 10 6 /13,800 Fa = Q[ 1 (KL/r)2 / (2 Cc2 )] [Fy / FS] = 69.98 mm = [ 1 42.87 2/(2x 125.662 )][250/1.79] KL/r = 1.0(3.0 x1000)/69.98 = 42.87 = 131.54 MPa Since KL/r < Cc PA = FA A = (131.54)(13800) FS = 5/3 + 3/8 (KL/r) / Cc - 1/8 (KL/r) 3/ Cc3 = 1,815.252kN > 1800kN = 5/3 + 3/8(42.87/125.66) 1/8 (42.873 / 125.663 ) Safe!! = 1.79
29

For section B: rmin = IY / A = 39.14x 10 6 /11,550 = 58.21 mm KL/r = 1.0(3.0 x1000)/58.21= 51.54

Since KL/r < Cc FS = 5/3 + 3/8 (KL/r) / Cc - 1/8 (KL/r) 3/ Cc3 = 5/3 + 3/8(51.54/125.66) 1/8 (51.543 / 125.663 ) = 1.81
Fa = Q [ 1 (KL/r)2 / (2 Cc2 )] [Fy / FS] = [ 1 51.54 2/(2x 125.662 )][250/1.81] = 126.5 Mpa PA = FA A = (126.50)(11550) = 1,461kN < 1800kN NOT safe!!

30

Problem: A double angle compression truss member below is braced in the plane of the truss every 2.13m, but only at the end of the transverse section. Using A50 steel with Fy = 345 Mpa, determine the safe axial load that the truss member can carry. Figure:
200mm 200mm

100mm

Properties of 2L 200x100x12, with short legs back to back Area A = 6,942 mm2 rx = 26.82 mm ry = 99.39 mm

31

The 200mm leg of the angle is unstiffened. The width thickness ratio is b/t = 200/12 = 16.67 From Table 4.2, H = 200 for separated double angle strut. H / Fy = 200 / 345 = 10.77

Since b/t > H /

200/

Fy , local buckling on the unstiffened element will occur.

and 407/ Fy Fy = 21.19

Fy = 10.77

when 200/

Fy b/t 407/

Qs = 1.340 0.001702(b/t) Fy = 0.813 Since all the elements of the section are unstiffened, Q a = 1.0 and Q = Qs = 0.813
Cc = 22 E / (QFy ) = 22 (200000)/ (0.813x345 ) = 118.64

Critical SR is by using rmin = r x = 26.82 KL/r = 1.0(2.13 x 1000)/26.82 K = 1.0 for truss members = 79.42 < Cc
32

Since KL/r < Cc : FS = 5/3 + 3/8 (KL/r) / Cc - 1/8 (KL/r) 3/ Cc3 = 5/3 + 3/8(79.42/118.64) - 1/8 (79.423 /118.643 ) = 1.67 + 0.25 0.037 = 1.88

Fa = Q[ 1 (KL/r)2 / (2 Cc2 )] [Fy / FS] = 0.813[ 1 79.422 / (2x118.642)][345/1.88] = 115.77 Mpa.

To obtain the maximum safe load Pa : Pa = Fa A = (115.77)(6,942) = 803.67 kN.

33

Problem: Determine whether the built-up I-section with effective KL = 3.5m in both x and y axes of the section, can safely carry a load of 3000 kN. Use Fy = 290MPa. E = 200,000 Mpa. Figure: 300mm Solution: Computing for sectional properties:
20mm

Aflange = 300(20) = 6000 mm2 Aweb = 700(15) = 10500 mm2 A = 2Aflange + Aweb = 2(6000)+10500 = 22,500mm2
x
700mm
15mm

740mm

300mm 300mm

Ix = 2[(300)(20)3 /12 + (300)(20)(360)2 ] + 15(700)3 / 12 = 584,670,000mm4 Iy = 2(20)(300)3/12 + (700)(15)3 /12 = 90,196,875 mm4 rmin = ry = Iy/A = 90,196,875 /22500 = 63.31 mm.

20mm

34

Check for local buckling; Unstiffened element (flange): b /t = 300/(2x20) = 7.5 H = 250 for flanges of tees and I-beams (Table 4.2) H / Fy = 250 / 290 = 14.68 b /t < H / Fy , thus flange is fully effective and Qs = 1.0

Stiffened element (web): b /t = 700/15 = 46.67 H = 664 for other uniformly compressed members (Table 4.2) H / Fy = 664 / 290 = 38.99 b /t > H / Fy , thus the total web height is not effective. Accordingly, the effective width be is: be = [664t/ f ] [ 1- 116.3/*(b/t) f + b for other uniformly compressed elements.

f = computed compressive stress = P/A = 3,000,000 N/ 22,500 mm2 = 133.33 Mpa. be = [664(15)/ 133.33 ] [ 1- 116.3/[(700/15) 133.33] = 862.57(0.784) = 676.25 < b ; use be = 675.25 Qa = A e / A a Ae = 2(300x20) + 675.25(15) = 22,128.75 mm2 = 22,128.75/ 22.500 = 0.983
35

Q = Qs Qa = (1.0)(0.983) = 0.983
Cc = 22 E / (QFy ) = 22 (200,000)/( 0.983x290) = 117.65 KL/r = (3.5 x 1000)/63.31 = 52.284

Since KL/r < Cc :

FS = 5/3 + 3/8 (KL/r) / Cc - 1/8 (KL/r) 3/ Cc3 = 5/3 + 3/8(52.284/117.65) - 1/8 (52.2843 /117.653 ) = 1.83 Fa = Q[ 1 (KL/r)2 / (2 Cc2 )] [Fy / FS] = 0.983[ 1 (52.2842 )/(2x 117.652)][290/1.83] = 140.4 Mpa. Pa = Fa A = (140.4)( 22,500) = 3,159kN > 3,000 kN therefore SAFE!

36

COLUMN BASE PLATES:

column

base plate

pedestal

37

Design Bearing Strength = Pp Allowable Bearing Strength = Pp /

= 0.60 (LRFD) = 2.5 (ASD)

bf

Nominal bearing Strength, Pp ( NSCP, Sec. 510.8)

1. On full area of concrete support

N Pp = 0.85fc A1 2. On less than the full area of concrete support PP = 0.85fc A1 A 2 / A1 1.7 fc A1 P d

where: fc = compressive strength of concrete A1 = area of base plate bearing on support. A2 = maximum area of the supporting surface geometrically similar and concentric with the loaded area A1 fp

38

Design thickness t of the plate:

An equivalent rectangular column of dimension 0.8bf x 0.95d is assumed to bear on the base plate. The actual bearing pressure on supporting pedestal is fp = P/(BN) The critical moment M on the plate is at section a-a and is equal to: M = fp x N (x/2) = fp x2 N /2 The bending stress fb on this section is: fb = Mc/I where c = t/2 and I = Nt3 /12 = [fp x2 N /2][t/2 ]/[Nt3 /12 ] = 3 fp x2 / t2 To get the design thickness t, fb is equated to allowable Fb = 0.75Fy , and t= where x is the larger of n or m. n = (B 0.8bf)/2 and m= (N 0.95d)/2 3 f p x2 / F b
bf m

0.95d

0.8bf

P
x

a
x

fp a
39

Problem: Design the base plate for the W16x10 column used to support 3000kN axial load. The base plate rests on full area of concrete support with fc = 21 MPa. Use A50 steel with Fy = 345 Mpa. Make n and m approximately equal. Figure: B Solution: (Using ASD) On full area of concrete support 265mm P = 0.85fc A1 / = 2.5 (ASD) m = 0.34 fc A1 Required area A1 of base plate: A1= P/ 0.34 fc = 3000000/(0.34x21) = 420,168mm2 BN = 420,168 N 431mm 0.95d But 2n = (B 0.8bf) and 2m= (N 0.95d) Let z = n = m B = 2z + 0.8bf N = 2z + 0.95d 0.8bf n B = 2z +212 N = 2z + 409.45 BN = (2z +212)(2z + 409.45) = 420,168mm2 z2 + 310.72z 83,341 = 0 z= [- 310.72 + 310.72 2 - 4(-83,341) ]/2(1) W16x10: bf = 265 mm = 172.5mm d = 431 mm B = 2(172.5) + 212 = 557 mm, say 560mm. N= 2(172.5) + 409.45 = 754mm, say 755mm.
40

n = (560 212)/2 n = 174.0 mm x = 174 mm.

m= (755 409.45)/2 m = 172.8 mm (controls)

fp = P/BN = (3000)(1000)/ [(560)(755)] = 7.10 Mpa t = 3 f p x 2 / Fb where Fb = 0.75 Fy = 0.75(345) = 258.75 Mpa.

= 3(7.10)(174.0)2 /258.75 = 49.9mm, say 50mm.

Use 560mm x 755mm x 50mm base plate.

41

Problem: Determine the safe axial load P that can be applied on the base plate which is 400mm x 540mm x 38mm. The steel is A36 with Fy = 248 MPa, and the concrete support is 600mm x 600mm with fc = 27 Mpa. The column is W 14x 82. Figure: 400mm Solution:

Safe P based on plate bending:

258mm

540mm 364mm 0.95d= 345.8mm 600mm

0.8bf = 206.4mm

t = 3 f p x 2 / Fb thus, fp = (1/3)t2 Fb / x2 m = (540 345.8)/2 = 97.1 > n n = (400 206.4)/2 = 96.8 use x = 97.1 Fb = 0.75 Fy = 0.75(248) = 186 Mpa. fp = (1/3)(382)(186) / (97.1)2 = 9.5 Mpa. fp = P/Aplate fp = P/(400x540) = 9.5 Mpa. P = 2,052,000N = 2,052 kN.

600mm
42

Safe P based on bearing of concrete support: Fp = 0.35 fc A2 / A1 0.70 fc on less than full area of the concrete support. where: fc = compressive strength of concrete A1 = area of base plate bearing on support. A2 = maximum area of the supporting surface geometrically similar and concentric with the loaded area A1 A1 = (400)(540) = 216,000 mm2

540mm
600mm

400/540 = x /600 x = 444.44 mm A2 = (444)(600) = 266,664mm2 Fp = 0.35 fc A2 / A1 0.70 fc (=18.9MPa) = 0.35(27) 266,664/216,000 = 10.5 Mpa < 18.9 Fp = P/Aplate 400mm 10.5 = P/ (400)(540) x P = 2,268,000 N = 2,268 kN. Thus, the safe vaue of P is 2,052 kN, based on bending of plate.
43