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matter
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Learning Outcome
At the end of this topic, students should be able :
(a) Identify and describe proton, electron and neutron as subatomic particle. (b) Define proton number, Z, nucleon number, A and isotope. Write isotope notation.
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(c) Define relative atomic mass, Ar and relative molecular mass, Mr based on the C-12 scale.
(d) Sketch and explain the following main components of a simple mass spectrometer.
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(e) Analyse mass spectrum of an element. Calculate the average atomic mass of an element given the relative abundance of isotopes or a mass spectrum.
(f) Name cation, anions and salt according to the IUPAC nomenclature.
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Introduction
Matter Anything that occupies space and has mass. e.g air, water, animals, trees, atoms, ..
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SOLID
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LIQUID
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GAS
7
An atom is the smallest unit of a chemical element/compound. In an atom, there are three subatomic particles: Proton (p) Packed in a small nucleus Neutron (n)
Electron (e)
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Subatomic Particles
Particle Mass (gram) 9.1 x 10-28 Charge (Coulomb) -1.6 x 10-19 Charge (units) -1
Electron (e)
Proton (p)
1.67 x 10-24
+1.6 x 10-19
+1
Neutron (n)
1.67 x 10-24
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Elements
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Isotope
Isotopes are two or more atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons in their nucleus but different number of neutrons. Examples:
1 1
200 80
Hg
2 1
H (D)
238 92
200 80 3
H (T)
Hg
235 92
U
12
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Isotope Notation
An atom can be represented by an isotope notation
( atomic symbol )
X= Z=
The number of neutrons =AZ = 202 80 = 122 Number of atoms that formed the ion
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Exercise 1
Give the number of protons, neutrons,electrons and charge in each of the following species: Symbol
200 80 63 29 17 8 59 27
Charge
Hg Cu
80
120
80
29
8 27
34
9 32
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10 24
0
-2 +3
15
O 2 Co3
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Exercise 2
C
D
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1
7
1
7
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1
10
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1.1.5 Ion
a) cation
b) anion
Anion a negative charge ion formed when a neutral atom gains an electron(s).
Na
11 protons 11 electrons
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Na+
11 protons 10 electrons
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Cl
17 protons 17 electrons
Molecule
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A diatomic molecule Contains only two atoms Example : H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO A polyatomic molecule Contains more than two atoms Example : O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
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Relative Mass
i.
Relative Atomic Mass, Ar A mass of one atom of an element compared to 1/12 mass of one atom of 12C with the mass 12.000
Mass of one atom of element Re lative atomic mass, Ar 1 X Mass of one atom of 12 C 12
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Example 1
Determine the relative atomic mass of an element Y if the ratio of the atomic mass of Y to carbon-12 atom is 0.45 ANSWER: Ar (Y) = Mass of one atom of Y____ 1/12 x Mass of one atom of C-12
= 0.45 x 12 = 5.4
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ii)
Relative Molecular Mass, Mr A mass of one molecule of a compound compared to 1/12 mass of one atom of 12C with the mass 12.000
Mass of one molecule Relative molecular mass, Mr of a compound 1 X Mass of one atom of 12
12
The relative molecular mass of a compound is the summation of the relative atomic masses of all atoms in a molecular formula.
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Example 2
ANSWER:
Mr
=
= = =
5(Ar of C) + 5(Ar of H) + Ar of N
5(12.01) + 5(1.01) + 14.01 60.05 + 5.05 + 14.01 79.11
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Mass Spectrometer
iii. Types of isotopes, the abundance and its relative isotopic mass
A Mass Spectrometer
Ionisation Chamber
Vaporisation Chamber
Accelaration Chamber
Magnetic Chamber
AMPLIFIER
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Recorder
26
Vaporisation Chamber
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Ionisation Chamber
A gaseous sample is bombarded by a stream of high-energy electrons that are emitted from a hot filament.
-
Collisions between the electrons and the gaseous sample produce positive ions
Ms + e f
M
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+ Ms
+ es + ef
M+
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Vacuum Pump
A pump maintains a vacuum inside the mass spectrometer to avoid any small particle that would block the movement.
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Acceleration Chamber
- the
positive ions are accelerated by an electric field towards the two oppositely charge plates
- the electric field is produced by a high voltage between the two plates - the emerging ions are of high and constant velocity.
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Magnetic Field
-
The positive ions are separated and deflected into a circular path by a magnet according to its mass / charge (m/e) ratio. Positive ions with small m/e ratio are deflected most Ions with large m/e ratio are deflected least.
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37Cl+ 35Cl+
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Ion Detector
The numbers of ions and types of isotopes are recorded as a mass spectrum. Example : A mass spectrum of Mg
Relative abundance
63 8.1 9.1
m/e (amu)
33
24
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25 26
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Relative abundance
The mass spectrum of Mg shows that Mg consists of three isotopes: 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg. The height of each line is proportional to the abundance of each isotope.
24Mg
63
8.1
24
9.1
m/e (amu)
25 26
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Q i Mi Ar Q i
Q= the relative abundance / percentage abundance of an isotope of the element the relative isotopic mass of the element
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M=
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Example 1
Relative abundance
1.
18
7 85 87 m/e
(amu)
Fig 1.1 shows the mass spectrum of the element rubidium, Rb; a. What isotopes are present in Rb?
85Rb
and 87Rb
b. What is the percentage abundance of each isotope? % abundance 85Rb = 18 x 100 25 = 72 % % abundance 87Rb = 7 x 100 25 = 28 % matter
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Example 1 (cont)
c. Calculate the relative atomic mass of Rb.
QiMi Average mass of Rb Qi (18x85) (7 x87) 25 85.56 amu A r of Rb 85.56 amu 1 x12.00 amu 12 85.56
37
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Example 2
The relative atomic mass of 6Li and 7 Li are 6.01 and 7.02 . 3 3 What is the percentage abundance of each isotope if the relative atomic mass of Li is 6.94?
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= =
X% (100 - x) %
QiMi Qi X (6.01) + (100 X) 7.02 X + 100 X 6.01 X + 702 7.02 X 100 -1.01 X +1.01 X 7.92 %
= =
7.92 % 92.08 %
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Exercise 1
The ratio of relative abundance of naturally occuring of chlorine isotopes is as follow : 35 Cl 37 Cl 3.127
Based on the carbon- 12 scale, the relative atomic mass of 35Cl 34.9689 and 37 Cl 36.9659. Calculate the Ar of chlorine. (Ans : 35.45)
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Exercise 2
Naturally occuring iridium, Ir is composed of 2 isotopes 191Ir and 193Ir in the ratio of 5 : 8 . The relative mass of 191Ir and of iridium. (Ans : 192.254) 193Ir are 191.021 and 193.025 respectively. Calculate the relative atomic mass
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numerals are used to indicate the oxidation state. e.g : Cu2+ : copper(II) ion, Fe3+ : iron(III) ion
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B. Anions
Monoatomic ions have names that ended with ide
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When a metal combines with a nonmetal element, the metal is named before the nonmetal Example : Fe2(SO4)3 - Iron(III) sulphate FeCl3 - Iron(III) chloride CuCl2 - copper(II) chloride
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