INTRODUCTION

Dr Zakaria Hussain
JEL4233
DIGITAL SIGNALS PROCESSING
Definition of Signal:
Any physical quantity (Voltage, current
or velocity) that varies with time (t) or
independent variables and carries
information.
S
1
(t) = 5t
S
2
(x,y) = 3x +2xy + 10y
2

Signals may be classified into two
categories depending on the characteristics
of the time-variable they can take:
Continuous Time Signal
Discrete Time Signal
INTRODUCTION
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Signals and Systems:
Continuous Time Signal
defined for every value of time. The
signal varies continuously in time and
amplitude.

Discrete Time Signal
defined only at discrete values of time.
The signal take one finite number of
value at specific instant of time.

INTRODUCTION
Signals and Systems:
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

INTRODUCTION
Signals and Systems:
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Basic discrete signal representation
Unit Sample sequence (Unit Impulse).
INTRODUCTION
Signals and Systems:
1 0
( )
0 0
for n
n
for n
o
=

=

=

J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Basic discrete signal representation
Unit Step Signal
INTRODUCTION
Signals and Systems:
1 0
( )
0 0
for n
u n
for n
>

=

<

J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Basic discrete signal representation
Unit Ramp Signal



Complex-valued exponential signal
(complex sinusoidal sequence, complex
phasor)
INTRODUCTION
Signals and Systems:
| |
2 .
( ) , ( ) 1, arg ( ) 2 .
j nT
S
f n
x n e x n x n nT f nT
f
e
t
e t = = = = =
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Definition of System:
A combination of a few component that
are physically connected to perform a
specific task. Also defined as a physical
device that perform operation on a signal.

Systems may also be classified into two
categories:
Continuous Time System
Discrete Time System
INTRODUCTION
Signals and Systems:
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Continuous Time System:
A system in which continuous time input
signals are transformed into continuous
time output signals.

Discrete Time System:
A system that transforms discrete- time
inputs signals into discrete time output
signals.
INTRODUCTION
Signals and Systems:
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Discrete Time System (other definition):
A discrete-time system is a device or
algorithm that operates on a discrete time
input signal or excitation (e.g. x[n]),
according to some rule (e.g. H[.]) to
produce discrete time output signal or
response (e.g. y[n]).
INTRODUCTION
Signals and Systems:
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Classification of discrete time system:
Static versus dynamics system
A system is said to be Static
(memoryless) if the output at any
instant (n) depend only (at most) on
input at the same time but not past or
future sample of input.
A system is said to be Dynamic (with
memory) if the output depends on
present, past or future input.
INTRODUCTION
Signals and Systems:
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Classification of discrete time system:-
Time invariant versus time variant systems
A system is said to be Time invariant if
its input-output characteristics do not
change with time.
A system is said to be Time variant if
its input-output characteristics change
with time.
INTRODUCTION
Signals and Systems:
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Classification of discrete time system:-
Linear versus non-linear systems
A linear system is one that satisfies
the superposition principle.
A nonlinear system is one does not
satisfy the superposition principle.
INTRODUCTION
Signals and Systems:
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Classification of discrete time system:-
Causal versus non-causal system (causality)
A system is said to be Causal if the
output of the system at any time
depends only on present and past
inputs.
A system is said to be Noncausal if the
system not only depends on present and
past inputs but also future input.
INTRODUCTION
Signals and Systems:
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Determine whether the system is Causal/non-
causal.

a)

b)

c)
INTRODUCTION
Example 1 (Causal/non-causal system)
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Determine whether the system is Causal/non-
causal.

a)
Let n=2
INTRODUCTION
Example 1 (Causal/non-causal system)
Present
Output
Present
input
Pass
input
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Determine whether the system is Causal/non-
causal.

b)
Let n=2
INTRODUCTION
Example 1 (Causal/non-causal system)
Present
Output
Pass
input
But, let n=-2
Present
Output
Future
input
Therefore, the system is
non causal
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Classification of discrete time system:-
Stable versus unstable systems
A system is said to be bounded input -
bounded output (BIBO) stable if every
bounded input produces the bounded
(finite) output i.e.

An Unstable system usually exhibit
extreme behavior and cause overflow in
any practical implementation and
INTRODUCTION
Signals and Systems:
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Determine the stability of the system.


Solution:
INTRODUCTION
Example 2 (Stable/Unstable system)
Therefore, the system is stable since
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Determine the stability of the system.


Solution:
INTRODUCTION
Example 2 (Stable/Unstable system)
Therefore, the system is unstable since
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Classification of discrete time system:-
Recursive versus non-recursive systems
A system whose output y(n) at time n
depends on any number of the past
outputs values (e.g. y(n-1),y(n-2), )
is called a recursive system.

In contrast, if y(n) at time n depends
only on the present and past input then
such a system is called non-recursive.
INTRODUCTION
Signals and Systems:
| |
( ) ( 1), ( 2), , ( ), ( ), ( 1), , ( ) y n F y n y n y n N x n x n x n M =
| |
( ) ( ), ( 1), , ( ) y n F x n x n x n M =
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Determine whether the system is recursive or
non-recursive.

a)


b)


c)

INTRODUCTION
Example 3 (Recursive/Non-recursive system)
0
( ) ( ) ( )
N
k
y n h k x n k
=
=

0 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
N N
k k
y n b k x n k a k y n k
= =
=

J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Solution:

c)

INTRODUCTION
Example 3 (Recursive/Non-recursive system)
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G


c)




LHS,


So,


INTRODUCTION
Example 3 (Recursive/Non-recursive system)
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Analog signal processing (ASP) is a signal
processing that are conducted on analog
signals by analog means.
Examples of ASP include crossover filters in
loudspeakers, frequency analyzer and bass,
treble and volume controls on stereos.
Purpose of ASP includes changing the signal
characteristics or extracting desired
information.
INTRODUCTION
Analog and Digital Signals Processing:
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Digital signal processing (DSP) is a signal
processing that are conducted on digital
signals by digital means.
DSP usually used in audio and speech signal
processing, sonar and radar signal processing,
sensor array processing, digital image
processing, signal processing for communication
control system, biomedical signal processing
etc.
INTRODUCTION
Analog and Digital Signals Processing:
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

INTRODUCTION
Example DSP
APPLICATION
MILITARY
Secure Communications
Sonar Processing
Image Processing
Radar Processing
Navigation, Guidance
VOICE/SPEECH
Speech Recognition
Speech Processing/Vocoding
Speech Enhancement
Text-to-Speech
Voice Mail
INSTRUMENTATION
Spectrum Analyzers
Seismic Processors
Digital Oscilloscopes
Mass Spectrometers
MEDICAL
Patient Monitoring
Ultrasound Equipment
Diagnostic Tools
Fetal Monitors
Life Support Systems
Image Enhancement
INDUSTRIAL/CONTROL
Robotics
Numeric Control
Power Line Monitors
Motor/Servo Control
CONSUMER
Radar Detectors
Power Tools
Digital Audio / TV
Music Synthesizers
Toys / Games
Answering Machines
Digital Speakers
PRO-AUDIO
AV Editing
Digital Mixers
Home Theater
Pro Audio
COMMUNICATIONS
Echo Cancellation
Digital PBXs
Line Repeaters
Modems
Global Positioning
Sound/Modem/Fax Cards
Cellular Phones
Speaker Phones
Video Conferencing
ATMs
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

The goal of DSP is usually to measure, filter
and/or compress continuous real-world analog
signals.
The continuous realworld analog signal is
usually been converted to digital signal, by
mean of sampling and quantization using ADC,
which turns the analog signal into a stream of
numbers before processing digitally.
However, often, the required output signal is
another analog output signal, which requires a
DAC.
INTRODUCTION
Analog and Digital Signals Processing:
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

INTRODUCTION
Stereo
Amplifier
Record Player
Tape Deck
Radio
Sound
Card
A/D
D
S
P
Sound
Card
D/A
Cool Edit
Waveform Editor
Pentium Computer
Analog/
Continuous-
Time
Signals
Digital/
Discrete-
Time
Signals

Multichannel (Stereo) Signals
Digital Signal Processing:
1) Noise Reduction
-Digital Filtering, etc.
2) Signal Compression
-MP3, JPEG/MPEG Image, etc.
3) Spectral Analysis (e.g., FFT)
J
E
L
4
2
3
3

D
I
G
I
T
A
L

S
I
G
N
A
L

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G

Thank You