UNIT 8:

ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS TOPIC 1: PROPERTIES OF ARRHENIUS ACIDS AND BASES

I. WHAT IS AN ACID (ARRHENIUS ACID?

H2O To be an acid, it must be dissolved in __________ When acids are dissolved H2O in ______________ , BREAK APART FREELY they ______________ and form MOVING IONS ______________________

H IMPORTANT : ACIDS ARE SUBSTANES THAT + IONS THAT IONIZE WHEN DISSOLVED IN WAT CONTAIN K COMMON ACIDS

See Table ___ in Reference Tables for ________________

I. WHAT IS AN ACID (ARRHENIUS ACID?

Example: When an acid is dissolved in water, the H+ leaves the acid and bonds to the water HYDRONIUM ION (H3O+) molecule to form a ________________________ Dissociation of acids in water animation HCl (g) + H2O (l) H3O + (aq) + Cl - (aq)

The acid HCl contains 1 H+ which combines with 1 H2O to form 1 H3O+

II. PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

A) Acids eat away (oxidize) active metals to produce _____________________ HYDROGEN GAS 2 LiCl + H2 Example: 2 Li + 2 HCl ________________

METAL HAS TO BE ABOVE HYDROGEN (__________________________________________) ON TABLE J

LESS B) Acids havepH a __________________(we will THAN discuss this more7 later on)

II. PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

C) Acids are ________________, ELECTROLYTES meaning the CONDUCT ELECTRICITY WHEN DISSOLVED IN _______________________________________ WATER

D) Acids taste SOUR ________(like LEMONS _________, but DO NOT TASTE unknown substances)

III. WEAK VS. STRONG ACIDS

Acids always produce H3O+ (hydronium) ions when dissolved in water. The more H+ that dissociate when in water, the stronger the acid will be. H Cl, H NO3, H Br, H I Examples of Strong Acids ____________________ CH3CH2COOH Example of Weak Acid (HC2 H______________ 5O2) (organic acids) WEAK VS. STRONG ACID ANIMATION

IV. WHAT IS A BASE? (ARRHENIUS BASE)

IMPORTANT: BASES ARE SUBSTANES THAT - (Hydroxide) ions dissolved in aqueous CONTAIN OH solution. L See Table _________ COMMON BASES in Reference Tables for

____________________
Example: When a Na base dissolved in water, the + 1 is -1 (aq) + OH (aq) OH - 1 leaves the base NaOH (s) ______________________

V. PROPERTIES OF BASES
A) Bases have a pH _______________ above 7 (we will discuss this more later on)

B) Bases are ELECTROLYTES _______________, meaning THEY CONDUCT ELECTRICITY WHEN _________________________________ DISSOLVED IN WATER
C) Bases taste BITTER ______________ SOAP/ (like _________) MEDICINE D) Bases hydrolyze fats (turns them into soap, also called saponification)
The manufacture of soap involves heating up animal fat or vegetable oil, (for example, glyceryl stearate) dissolving it in alcohol and adding NaOH or KOH to it slowly. This forms a soap (for example, sodium stearate),

VI. STRONG VS. WEAK BASES

Like acids, the more ions that dissociate in water, the stronger the base is. Bases formed with group 1 and 2 metals are typically stronger. LiOH, NaOH, Mg(OH)2 Examples of Strong Bases __________________ Al(OH)3, NH4OH Example of Weak Bases ___________________

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

1) Identify the following as acids or bases

2) Identify it as a strong or weak acid/base acid (strong) base (strong) 1) NaOH __________ 4) H2SO 4 ___________
acid (strong) 2) H3BO3 __________ ___________ base (strong) 3) KOH __________ _________ acid (weak) 5) HC2H3O2

base (strong)
6) Ca(OH)2

VII. NAMING ACIDS AND BASES

Naming Binary Acids (metal with nonmetal): - Name the hydrogen in the acid hydro- Name the anion and change ending of the name to ic acid Examples:
1. HCl (aq) -

Hydrochloric acid
Hydroiodic acid
_ ____________________________

2. HI (aq) - _____________________________

Hydrobromic acid

3. HBr(aq) -

Hydrosulfuric acid

____________________________

4. H2S(aq) -

_____________________________

VII. NAMING ACIDS AND BASES

Naming Ternary Acids (metal with PAIs) E ______ and name the PAI (polyatomic Go to Table ion) DO NOT use the prefix hydro If the PAI ends in - ate, it changes to ic acid If the PAI ends in ite, it changes to ous acid Examples: Carbonic acid 1) H2CO3 (aq) - _ ____________________________ Phosphoric acid 2) H3PO4 (aq) - _____________________________ Sulfuric acid 3) H2SO4 (aq) - _____________________________ Sulfurous acid

VII. NAMING ACIDS AND BASES

Naming Bases: IONIC COMPOUNDS - Bases are all ____________________, therefore, they IONIC COMPOUNDS are named just like ________________ Name 1st element Use roman numeral if the metal has more than one charge listed HYDROXIDE 2nd half of the name will typically be _______________ Sodium hydroxide Examples: 1. NaOH (aq) - ____________________

VII. NAMING ACIDS AND BASES

Naming Bases (continued): 2. Ca(OH)2 (aq) - _____________________________ Calcium hydroxide Iron (III) hydroxide 3. Fe(OH)3 (aq) - _____________________________ Cobalt (II) hydroxide 4. Co(OH)2 (aq) - _____________________________

VIII. HOW TO KNOW IF A SOLUTION IS ACIDIC OR BASIC

Indicator a substance that changes color if an acid or MTable ___________) Acid-Base Indicators (Found on Acid-Base Indicators and narrowing down pH using multiple indicators (mixture of indicators gives great range of colors, pH paper) less than 7

Remember above 7: An acid has a pH _________________ and a base has a pH

_________________

VIII. HOW TO KNOW IF A SOLUTION IS ACIDIC OR BASIC

Tips Using Table M: above If the indicator changes TO the listed color, pH is ___________ the pH range. below
If the indicator does NOT change, pH is __________ the pH range. The pH range does NOT indicate that the solution has pH within that range

TIPS ON USING TABLE M

Tip 1- Notice "Common Acid Base Indicators," acid is on the left and base is on the right. Low pH numbers are on the left and high pH numbers are on the right. They match up. Tip 2 - Look at Methyl Orange, red is on the left, 3.2 is on the left. To the left (or below) a pH of 3.2 the color is red. To the right (above) a pH of 4.4 the color is yellow.

VIII. HOW TO KNOW IF A SOLUTION IS ACIDIC OR BASIC

Example: A solution has a pH of 5.5. What color changes will happen to following indicators. yellow 1) Methyl orange __________ green____________ yellow 2) Bromthylmol blue ________ ______________ blue 3) Bromscresol yellow 4) Thymol blue

VIII. HOW TO KNOW IF A SOLUTION IS ACIDIC OR BASIC

Example: A solution yields the following results when tested with various indicators: pH above Methyl Orange = yellow 4.4 Phenolphthalein = clear pH below 8.0 Bromcresol Green = pH blue above 5.4 Thymol Blue = yellow pH - Can the pH be: below 8 XXXX a) 2.8

b) 6.5

XXX c) 8.5 XXXX X

d) 4.8

UNIT 8:
ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS TOPIC 2: ACID AND BASE NEUTRALIZATION

THINK ABOUT THIS

If you add a strong acid to a base, what would happen to the pH of the mixed solution?

IX. ACID AND BASE NEUTRALIZATION

Neutralization: When an acid and base are mixed, H+ of the the ____________________ and OH --- of the base to form Water (H2O) the acid ______________________ combine _______________. The anion salt of the acid and the cation of the base come together to form a _________________. Neutralization of Acid and Base Video Clip Double Replacement Animation

Rainbow Connection Demo (Titration with pH indicators) An ionic compound (metal with nonmetal/PAI) that can be formed by acidbase neutralization Salt

IX. ACID AND BASE NEUTRALIZATION

Examples : DOUBLE REPLACEMENT REACTIONS!!! HOH NaCl(a 1) HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) (l) + salt q) acid bas water _____ _____ ______ ___________ e HOH( KOH H2SO4(aq) + 2 __________ K2SO 4 (aq) + 2 l) (aq) _________ acid salt bas wat _______ e _______ ___________ er ___________ Ca(OH)2 HOH (l) (aq) acid base salt water 3) 2 HNO3(aq) + __________ Ca(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 __________ 2)

IX. ACID AND BASE NEUTRALIZATION

Example: Write the equation for the neutralization reaction between dilute nitric acid (HNO3) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). (DONT FORGET TO 1 1 1 ___ HNO ( aq) + ___ KOH (aq) ___ H(OH)(l) 1 + ___ BALANCE) 3 K(NO Potassiu 3)(aq) water m nitrate

IX. ACID AND BASE NEUTRALIZATION

Example: Write the equation for the neutralization reaction between dilute Mg(OH)2 and HCl. (DONT FORGET TO (BALANCE) 1 Mg(OH) 2 2 H(OH)(l) 1 ___ ___ + ___ 2 aq) + ___ HCl (aq) MgCl2(aq)

NEUTRALIZATION WORKSHEET
Complete problems 1, 3, and 5 with your assigned partner. Write the general chemical equation for a neutralization reaction: Example: lithium hydroxide is mixed with carbonic acid.

NEUTRALIZATION WORKSHEET (ANSWERS)

1) Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) BaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O(l) barium barium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid barium chloride + water 2) 2Al(OH)3(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 6H2O(l) aluminum hydroxide + sulfuric acid aluminum sulfate + water 3) 3Fe(OH)2(aq) + 2H3PO4(aq) Fe3(PO4)2(aq) + 6H2O(l) iron (II) hydroxide + phosphoric acid iron (II) phosphate + water

NEUTRALIZATION WORKSHEET (ANSWERS)

4) Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

calcium hydroxide + nitric acid calcium nitrate + water

5) 2NH4OH(aq) + H2S(aq)

ammonium hydroxide+ hydrosulfuric acid ammonium sulfide + water

(NH4)2S(aq) + 2H2O(l)

6) KOH(aq) + HClO2(aq) KClO2(aq) + H2O(l) potassium hydroxide + chlorous acid potassium chlorite + water

X. TITRATION (VIDEO DEMO)

Definition: process of adding a known amount of solution of known concentration to determine the concentration of another solution Titration Animatio

+1 (aq) = moles of OH-1 (aq) moles of H Titration Animatio One mole of H + neutralizes one mole of OH --

Molarity of Acid * Volume of Acid = Molarity of base * Volume of Base MA(VA) = MB(VB) Titration Equation (see Table T): O RA) = (#OH---)(MB)(VB) (#H+)(MA)(V

X. TITRATION
Example: What is the concentration of hydrochloric acid solution if 50.0 mL of a 0.250 M KOH are needed to neutralize 20.0 mL of the HCL solution of +)(M )(V ) = (#OH---)(M )(V ) (#H + unknown concentration? A A B B #H = 1 MA = ? VA = 20.0 mL #OH--- = 1 MB = 0.250 M VB = 50.0 mL

MA = 0.625 M

X. TITRATION
Example: What is the concentration for sulfuric acid solution if 50 mL of a 0.25 M KOH are needed to H2SO4of unknown neutralize 20 mL of the sulfuric solution +)(M )(V ) = (#OH---)(M )(V ) (#H + concentration? A A B B #H = 2 MA = ? VA = 20.0 mL #OH--- = 1 MB = 0.250 M VB = 50.0 mL

MA = 0.313 M

X. TITRATION
Example: How many mL of 2.0 M H2SO4 are required to neutralize 30.0 mL of 1.0 M NaOH? #H+= 2 (#H+)(MA)(VA) = (#OH---)(MB)(VB)

MA = 2.0 M VA = ? #OH--- = 1 MB = 1.0 M VB = 30.0 mL

VA = 7.5 mL

X. TITRATION
Example: How many mL of 0.10 M Ca(OH)2 are required to neutralize 25.0 mL of 0.50 M HNO3? #H+= 1 (#H+)(MA)(VA) = (#OH---)(MB)(VB)

MA = 0.50 M VA = 25.0 mL #OH--- = 2 MB = 0.10 M VB = ??

VB = 62.5 mL

TITRATION PARTNER ACTIVITY

With a partner and on a separate piece of paper answer question 2-12 (evens only) on pages 16-17 in the Unit 8 Work Packet. - Be sure to show ALL your work - I will collect one persons paper from each group to grade.

UNIT 8:
ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS TOPIC 3: PH SCALE

XI. THE POWER OF HYDRONIUM (WHAT PH REALLY MEANS)

The pH scale is easiest method to use for comparing the strengths of acids and bases. We test our fish tanks (fish pee out ammonia, which is a base, and brings the pH up), our lawns (acid rain brings the pH of the soil down) and even food is pH tested as it is being made to make sure that it falls within the right range. You wouldnt want your super sour candy to have too little bite, would you? So just what is this pH, what does it mean, and how is it measured? 7 Water breaks up very slightly to form hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions: H2O H +1 + OH 1

XI. THE POWER OF HYDRONIUM (WHAT PH REALLY MEANS)

A pH of 0-7 is acidic __________ concentration of H+ is... neutral

A pH of 7 is ____________ basic 10 -2, pH =___

When the 1

10-1 M, 3pH = ____,

XI. THE POWER OF HYDRONIUM (WHAT PH REALLY MEANS)

The pH scale is logarithmic. Each change of a single pH unit signifies a tenfold change in the concentration of the hydrogen ion. Therefore, the[H+] is ten times greater in a solution of pH of 5 as in a solution of pH of 6.

Examples : power of 10, pH goes UP 4 (for every 1) A) A solution with pH of 3 is 10 times more acidic than solution with a pH 1,000 of ____
B) A solution with pH of 3 is ___________ times more acidic than solution with a pH of 6. 6

XI. THE POWER OF HYDRONIUM (WHAT PH REALLY MEANS)

The pH scale is logarithmic. Each change of a single pH unit signifies a tenfold change in the concentration of the hydrogen ion. Therefore, the[H+] is ten times greater in a solution of pH of 5 as in a solution of pH of 6.

Examples (continued): 12 (for every power of 10, the pH goes D) A sample of base has pH of 9. What would the pH of UP 1 becomes more basic) a base 1,000 more basic be?

1 (for every power of 10, the pH goes DOWN 1 becomes more acidic) E) A sample of acid has a pH of 3. What would be the

XI. THE POWER OF HYDRONIUM (WHAT PH REALLY MEANS)

XI. THE POWER OF HYDRONIUM (WHAT PH REALLY MEANS)

UNIT 8:
ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS TOPIC 4: ALTERNATIVE THEORY OF ARRHENIUS ACIDS AND BASES

AND BASES (BRONSTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES)

A. Review Arrhenius Acids and Bases + (aq) H POSITIV Acids: ___________ ions are the only____________ E --ions in OH water NEGATIV E only ___________ Bases:(aq) ___________ ions are the ions in water DONORS, GIVE AWAY H+ (aq) to B. Bronsted-Lowry (Alternate Theory)Acids and another substance + ACCEPTORS, RECEIVE H (aq) from Bases another substance Acids: are proton ___________________________________

Bases: are proton

AND BASES (BRONSTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES)

C. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

Consists of two substances related by the loss or gain of a single hydrogen ion
The ionization of HCl: HCl (aq) H+1 (aq) + Cl-1 (aq) Conjugat Conjugat Aci e acid Base e base Animation d Example:

HCl (aq) + HOH (l) Cl -1 (aq) + H3O+1 (aq) One that gains H+ is the conjugate One acid and one base per side acid One that loses H+ is the conjugate

AND BASES (BRONSTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES)

Example:
NH3 (aq) + HOH (l) NH4+1 (aq) + OH-1 (aq)

ate e base acid HOH (l) + HOH (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH-1 (aq) Bas Acid Conjug Conjugat ate e base e acid +

Bas e

Acid Conjug Conjugat

HC2H3O2 (aq)+ H2O (l) H3O (aq) + C2H3O2 (aq)

Aci d

Base Conjug Conjugat

ate acid e base

AND BASES (BRONSTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES)

Examples: Based on the acid-base theory (Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base), identify the acid and base for the following: Remember: B/L acid: LOSE H+ in the reaction H+ in the reaction
+ + HSO NH + H SO NH C C B 3 A2 4 4 4 A B

B/L base: GAIN

- NH + Br HBr + NH C C A B 2 3 A B
+ + Cl NH + HCl NH C 4C B 3 A