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Four Stroke, Two Stroke Diesel, & Wankel Engine Theory and Operation

Four Stroke, Two Stroke, Diesel, & Wankel Theory

Presentation Outline

1.0

Four Stroke Engine Theory

Internal combustion principles Valve operation Four cycles Valve timing

2.0

Two Stroke Engine Theory

Two cycle operation Lubrication Variations Advantages/ limitations

more...
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3.0

Diesel Engine Theory

Operation Variations Advantages/limitations

4.0

Wankel Engine Theory

Operation Variations Advantages/limitations

1.0 Four Stroke Engine Theory

Intake Compression Power Exhaust

Intake Stroke

Compression Stroke

Valves closed

Power Stroke

Valves closed

Exhaust StrokValve Timing Diagram

2.0 Two Stroke Engine Theory

Up

stroke Down stroke

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2 Stroke Up Stroke

Compression occurs

Transfer Port

Crank Case

Reed Valve

Carburetor
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2 Stroke Down Stroke

Transfer Port

Intake Power Exhaust Occurs

Reed Valve

Carburetor
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Fuel Mix
Uses

a premix of gas and oil Oil injectors used in some Normal mixes range from 16:1 to 50:1 Typical hot engines 16:1 Typical cool engine 50:1 CHECK OWNERS MANUAL !!!

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Advantage of Two Strokes

Runs

in any position More horsepower for size Fewer moving parts Lighter

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Limitations of Two Strokes

Uses

more fuel than four strokes Fuel and oil must be mixed Plugs foul easily Poor emissions

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3.0 Diesel Engine Theory

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Introduction
Invented by Rudolf Diesel between 1892 and 1893 Internal Combustion Engine Reciprocating Engine Intermittent Combustion Engine Utilizes liquid fuel Compression Ignition vs. Spark Ignition Heavy Duty Applications
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Diesel Compression Ratio

20:1

up to 25:1 common Needed to ignite fuel No spark plugs

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Compression Ratios
Squeeze

on air/fuel mixture before combustion Efficiency increases with higher CR About 9:1 on gas autos 17:1 to 24:1 for diesel engines About 24:1 CR max:
too high compression for starting limiting strength of materials power loss- leakage around valves
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Advantages of the Diesel Engine

High reliability Low fuel cost High power / lb. of engine Low fuel consumption Low fire hazard High torque at low RPM Greater heat efficiency- 30% (25% gas) Longer service intervals
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Disadvantages of Diesel Power

Expensive

to repair Hard starting in cold weather Higher initial cost

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Gasoline and Diesel Engine Comparison

Gasoline

power stroke = 460 psi; Diesel = 1200psi Diesel heat efficiency about 5% higher than gasoline

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Induction System
Air Only Injection Line High Pressure Injection Spray Injector Delivering Fuel

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Glow Plugs
Resistance unit to heat cold engines Installed in cylinder head, sometimes in special pre-combustion chamber Some use intake heaters In addition, block heaters for cold weather

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Typical Diesel Engine

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4.0 Wankel Engine Theory

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History of RCE
(Rotary Combustion Engines)
- Wankels idea for RCE 1933 - patent was applied 1936 - patent received 1957 - engine runs
1924

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Epitrochoidal Bore Apex Seal Intake Port Rotor Spark Plugs

Exhaust Port
One of Three Chambers
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Rotor and Apex Seals

Sometimes called a Rotary Piston Receives power impulse from fuel air mixture Rotor has three faces Apex seals at tipslike rings

Apex Seal Location

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Epitrochoidal Bore E-Bore

Same purpose as the cylinder walls of the piston engine Epitrochoid curve, generated by rolling a circle around another circle

Basic shape of epitrochoid curve

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Rotors Eccentric

Shaft

E-Bore
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Advantages and Limitations

Fewer

moving parts Single motion allows smoother running Compact engine, allows for more space Few manufacturers produce this engine any longer
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Summery (Cont)
What

are the major differences in parts between a 2 stroke & 4 stroke?

Ports vs. Valves Reed valve vs. Valves

How

is the fuel ignited in a deisel engine?

Compression

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Summery (Cont)
The

Rotory (Wankel) engine uses what type of bore?

E- Bore

What

act like rings in a rotory engine?

Apex seals

Air

can be __________, while water can not?

Compressed
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The End

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