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Abdul Rasyid Bin Abdul Rahim 4K1

Water is the most abundant compound found on Earth covering up to 70% of Earth. In nature, water exists as a solid, liquid and gaseous states. The chemical formula for a water molecule is H2O which includes 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. It is a polar molecule.

Properties of Water
Its molecular formula is H2O Its molar mass is 18.01528(33) g/mol It appears as a white solid or almost colourless, transparent, with a slight hint of bluish colour, crystalline liquid or solid Its density id 1000 kg/m3, liquid (4oC)(62.4 lb/cu. ft) 917 kg/m3, solid Its melting point is at 0oC / 32oF / 273.15 K Its viscosity is 0.001 Pa s at 20oC The boiling point of water is 99.98oC / 211.97oF / 373.13 K

Properties of Water
Crystal structure Hexagonal Molecular shape Bent Every molecule of H2O is bent the two hydrogens hanging off the oxygen at angles (104.5 between hydrogen atoms) to make a rough "L" shape.

1. Cohesion Water can Stick to Itself Cohesion among water molecules at the liquid surface leads to high surface tension, allowing this water strider to walk on water.

Why does this happen? Its due to the hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are only 6% as strong as covalent bonds meaning that they could easily break and reform.

2. Adhesion Water can stick to other materials Adhesion is when water clings to other materials and do not fall off unless there is a lot of water and weight to exceed the force of adhesion does the water fall.

Why does this happen? Similar to cohesion, Hydrogen bonding (cohesion) also causes water to cling to other materials in a phenomenon called adhesion.

3. Universal Solvent Water can dissolve almost anything For example: Salt solution Sugar solution

Why does this happen? To enable a substance to be dissolved it must be polar with polar and nonpolar with nonpolar molecules

4. Water is less dense as a solid Water turn to ice when it is solid Ice floats on the surface of the ocean Or floats in the drinks we drink.

Why does this happen? Usually when a substance turn into a solid, it will become more denser from when it is a liquid or gas. But ice is less denser than liquid. Every molecule of H2O is bent - the two hydrogens hanging off the oxygen at angles (104.5 between hydrogen atoms) to make a rough "L" shape. When water is at 4oC, the layout of molecules will change and a single water molecule can only bond with four other neighbouring water molecule. Then the molecules are at "arms length" so to speak and there are less molecules in a given space; the density is now 10% lower.

5. High Heat of Vaporization Water requires a large amount of energy to change it into a gas The boiling point of water is 99.98oC / 211.97oF / 373.13 K

6. High Specific Heat Water changes its temperature slower than most other compounds

Why? The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram C = 4.186 joule/gram C which is higher than any other common substance. As a result, water plays a very important role in temperature regulation.

For example:

7. Water forms hydrogen bonding As mentioned earlier

Why does this happen? Water molecules are polar molecules which means they have positive and negative charges. The oxygen atom contains the negative charge because it receives electrons and two hydrogen atoms contains positive charge because it gives away electrons.

Why does this happen? Water molecules are polar molecules which means they have positive and negative charges. Opposite charges attract each other, so an oxygen atom is attracted to a hydrogen atom of another water molecule.

Summary

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