Chapter 33

Invertebrates

PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for

Biology
Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 33-1

Overview: Life Without a Backbone Invertebrates are animals that lack a backbone They account for 95% of known animal species

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Fig. 33-2

Calcarea and Silicea

Sponges/ Porifera

ANCESTRAL PROTIST
Eumetazoa Common ancestor of all animals

Cnidaria

Mollusca/ Annelida Bilateria Nematoda/ Arthropoda Chordata/ Echinodermata

Fig. 33-3a

A sponge Phylum Choanocytes (Porifera)

A jelly Phylum Cnidaria

Fig. 33-3a

A marine flatworm Phylum Platyhelminthes

A rotifer (LM) Phylum Rotifera

Fig. 33-3m

An octopus Phylum Mollusca

A marine annelid Phylum Annelida

Fig. 33-3s

A roundworm

A scorpion (an arachnid)

Phylum Nematoda

Phylum Arthropoda

Fig. 33-3v

A sea urchin

A tunicate

Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Chordata

Concept 33.1: Sponges are basal animals that lack true tissues
Sponges are sedentary, filter feeding animals from the phyla Calcarea and Silicea Porifera They live in both fresh and marine waters Sponges lack true tissues and organs

Possess collar cells to propel water through the body and strain food particles.
Food digested intracellularly by amebocytes Most asymmetrical http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmPTM965-1c&feature=related (sponge feeding)

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Fig. 33-4

Choanocyte Osculum Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia plicifera) Spongocoel

Flagellum Collar

Food particles in mucus Choanocyte

Phagocytosis of food particles

Amoebocyte

Pore

Spicules

Epidermis

Water flow Amoebocytes

Mesohyl

Concept 33.2: Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans

All animals except sponges and a few other groups are animals with true tissues (Eumetazoa)

Phylum Cnidaria: jellies, corals, sea anemones

Radial symmetrical carnivores Diplobastic - Two body layers: ectoderm & endoderm Possess gastrovascular cavity (not a complete tube) and nematocysts There are two variations on the body plan: the sessile polyp and motile medusa

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Fig. 33-5

Mouth/anus
Polyp

Tentacle
Gastrovascular cavity Gastrodermis

Medusa

Body stalk

Mesoglea Epidermis Tentacle

Mouth/anus

Fig. 33-6

Tentacle

Cuticle of prey

Thread Nematocyst Trigger

Thread discharges

Cnidocyte

Thread (coiled)

Fig. 33-7

(b) Jellies (class Scyphozoa)

(c) Sea wasp (class Cubozoa)

(d) Sea anemone (class Anthozoa)

(a) Colonial polyps (class Hydrozoa)

Conceptual Summary
Sponges and cnidarians are almost entirely marine and are considered primitive because they do not possess three body layers nor true organs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkF_1r6ll54&feature=related (hydra eating) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5oHMjGqjyo (budding in hydra)

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 33-8-1

Feeding polyp

Reproductive polyp

Medusa bud Medusa

Portion of a colony of polyps 1 mm

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (BUDDING)

Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

Fig. 33-8-2

Feeding polyp

Reproductive polyp

Medusa bud

MEIOSIS

Gonad Medusa Egg SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sperm

Portion of a colony of polyps 1 mm

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (BUDDING)

FERTILIZATION

Zygote

Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

Fig. 33-8-3

Medusa produced by asexual budding

Feeding polyp

Reproductive polyp

Medusa bud

MEIOSIS

Gonad Medusa Egg SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sperm

Portion of a colony of polyps 1 mm

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (BUDDING)

FERTILIZATION

Zygote Developing polyp Mature polyp Planula (larva)

Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

Platyhelminthes: Flatworms
Acoelomates solid body, without a body cavity Bilateral symmetry and beginnings of cephalization Development of true organs, tripbloblastic (three body layers); ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm No coelom (body cavity) Digestibe tract incomplete only one opening that braches throughout the body to distribute food http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fx-YgcP8Gg (flatworm mating behavior Rated R)

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 33-9

Fig. 33-10

Pharynx

Gastrovascular cavity

Mouth

Eyespots

Ganglia

Ventral nerve cords

Fig. 33-12

Tapeworms are parasites of vertebrates and lack a digestive system Tapeworms absorb nutrients from the hosts intestine Fertilized eggs, produced by sexual reproduction, leave the hosts body 200 m in feces

Proglottids with reproductive structures

Hooks
Sucker Scolex

Rotifera
Pseudocoelomates body cavity between digestibe tract and body wall is not completely lined by mesoderm

Rotifers have an alimentary canal, a digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus (complete digestive tract) that lies within a fluid-filled pseudocoelom
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PALgTXQOqQo&feature=related (rotifer feeding)

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 33-13

Jaws

Crown of cilia

Anus

Stomach

0.1 mm

Nematoda: Roundworms
Nematodes, or roundworms, are found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals Pseudocoelomates They have an alimentary canal, but lack a circulatory system

Reproduction in nematodes is usually sexual, by internal fertilization

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2019570087567872766# (C. elegans crawling)

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Fig. 33-25

25 m

Conceptual Summary
Flatworms and roundworms have bilateral symmetry, the beginnings of cephalization, and three body layers with well developed tissues and organs. Phyla include many important parasites of humans.

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

All of the animals that we cover from this point on are coelomates body cavity (coelom) is completely lined by mesoderm. Groups are divided as protostomes or deuterostomes

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Mollusca
Phylum Mollusca includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and squids Basic body plan of muscular head-food, with body on top a loosely covered mantle which may secrete a shell Gastropods have a well defined head, tentacles and elongated flattened foot Marine and freshwater filter feeders have a body flattened between two valves of a hinged she. Bivalvia

Cephalopods are on the the most advanced invertebrate groups (octopus, squid, nautilus)
Protostomes

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Fig. 33-15

Nephridium

Visceral mass Coelom

Heart

Intestine Gonads Stomach Shell Radula

Mantle Mantle cavity Anus Mouth

Gill
Radula

Foot

Nerve cords

Esophagus

Mouth

Fig. 33-16

Fig. 33-17

(a) A land snail

(b) A sea slug

Fig. 33-19

Fig. 33-20

Mantle Digestive gland

Hinge area

Coelom Gut Heart Adductor muscle Anus Excurrent siphon

Mouth

Shell Palp Foot

Mantle cavity

Gonad

Gill

Water flow Incurrent siphon

Fig. 33-21

Octopus

Squid

Chambered nautilus

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=fvwrel (squid inking) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMFqV4SJLWg (nautilus)

Annelida: Segmented Worms

Possess a coelom and closed circulatory system Body segmented - septa Protostomes

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Fig. 33-22

Epidermis Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle Dorsal vessel Chaetae Intestine

Cuticle

Coelom

Septum (partition between segments) Metanephridium Anus

Fused nerve cords Nephrostome

Ventral vessel Metanephridium

Clitellum
Esophagus Giant Australian earthworm Pharynx Intestine Gizzard Crop

Cerebral ganglia

Mouth
Subpharyngeal ganglion Blood vessels Ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia

Fig. 33-23

Parapodia

Fig. 33-24

Arthropoda: (jointed foot)

Major evolutionary advances over other invertebrate groups include exoskeleton (chitin) and jointed appendages Open circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs (fig. 42.3 pg. 900)

Main groups are arachnids (spiders, ticks), crustaceans (lobsters, crabs, shrimp, krill), and insects
Rotostomes

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Fig. 33-29

Cephalothorax Antennae (sensory reception)

Abdomen

Head

Thorax

Swimming appendages (one pair located under each abdominal segment)

Walking legs

Pincer (defense)

Mouthparts (feeding)

Fig. 33-30

Fig. 33-31

50 m

Scorpion

Dust mite

Web-building spider

Arachnids have an abdomen and a cephalothorax, which has six pairs of appendages, the most anterior of which are the chelicerae

Gas exchange in spiders occurs in respiratory organs called book lungs

Many spiders produce silk, a liquid protein, from specialized abdominal glands

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 33-32

Intestine Heart Digestive gland

Stomach
Brain

Eyes

Ovary

Poison gland

Anus

Book lung Sperm receptacle Chelicera Pedipalp

Gonopore Spinnerets (exit for eggs) Silk gland

Fig. 33-33

Fig. 33-34

Fig. 33-35

Abdomen Thorax Head Compound eye Antennae Heart Cerebral ganglion Anus Dorsal artery Crop

Vagina
Malpighian tubules Ovary Tracheal tubes

Mouthparts

Nerve cords

Flight is one key to the great success of insects An animal that can fly can escape predators, find food, and disperse to new habitats much faster than organisms that can only crawl Many insects undergo metamorphosis during their development In incomplete metamorphosis, the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size Insects with complete metamorphosis have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar The larval stage looks entirely different from the adult stage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnJA_BkPF_Y (butterfly metamorphosis)

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Fig. 33-36

(a) Larva (caterpillar)

(b) Pupa (c) Later-stage (d) Emerging pupa adult

(e) Adult

Most insects have separate males and females and reproduce sexually Individuals find and recognize members of their own species by bright colors, sound, or odors Some insects are beneficial as pollinators, while others are harmful as carriers of diseases, or pests of crops

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Crustaceans
While arachnids and insects thrive on land, crustaceans, for the most part, have remained in marine and freshwater environments

Crustaceans, subphylum Crustacea, typically have branched appendages that are extensively specialized for feeding and locomotion
Most crustaceans have separate males and females

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Fig. 33-38

(a) Ghost crab

(b) Krill

(c) Barnacles

Conceptual Summary
The chitinous exoskeleton of arthropods, with its many jointed appendages modified for a variety of jobs, proved so versatile that the arthropods have undergone impressive adaptive radiation with more species and individuals than any other phylum

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Concept 33.5: Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes

Sea stars and other echinoderms, phylum Echinodermata, may seem to have little in common with phylum Chordata, which includes the vertebrates Shared characteristics define deuterostomes (Chordates and Echinoderms)

Radial cleavage
Formation of the mouth at the end of the embryo opposite the blastopore

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Echinodermata: Sea urchins, sea stars and sea cucumbers

Sea stars and most other echinoderms are slow-moving or sessile marine animals Deuterostomes Vertebrates are more closely related to echinoderms than to annelids, mollusks or arthropods based on studies of embryonic development Echinoderms have a unique water vascular system, a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange Possess a skeleton of calcium carbonate just under the skin Immature have bilateral symmetry, however, most adults have pentaradial symmetry http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A100m5EpfFI&feature=related (sea star feeding)

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Fig. 33-39

Anus

Stomach Spine Gills

Central disk Digestive glands Madreporite

Radial nerve Ring canal Gonads Ampulla Podium Radial canal Tube feet

Fig. 33-40a

(a) A sea star (class Asteroidea)

Fig. 33-40b

(b) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 33-40c

(c) A sea urchin (class Echinoidea)

Fig. 33-40d

(d) A feather star (class Crinoidea)

Fig. 33-40e

(e) A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea)

Fig. 33-40f

(f) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)

Chordates
Phylum Chordata consists of two subphyla of invertebrates as well as hagfishes and vertebrates Chordates share many features of embryonic development with echinoderms, but have evolved separately for at least 500 million years

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You should now be able to:

1. 2. 3. List the characteristics of the phylum Porifera List the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from other animal phyla List the characteristics of Platyhelminthes

5.
6. 7.

List the characteristics of Mollusca

List the characteristics of Annelida List the characteristics of Nematoda

9.
10.

List three features that account for the success of Arthropods

Describe the developmental similarities between echinoderms and chordates

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings