PRESENTED BY ANOOP ANTONY ROLL NO.

:-10

 Differ

from other detectors.

Hall

sensors, AMR sensors, GMR sensors, SDT sensors, Fluxgate sensors, SQUID magnetometers, Resonant magnetometers, Induction magnetometers, Magneto-electric sensors, Lorentz force magnetic sensors.

 Made

of high permeability, low power loss materials. They conduct the magnetic field more efficiently. Disadvantages:- remenance, nonlinearity, danger of saturation, and temperature dependence. They are integrated into the package of some Hall sensors and magneto resistors. Also be used to deflect the sensing direction.

 Most

important of magnetic sensors.

VH=IB

 Sensitivity

of silicon sensors is typically 1 mV/mT for a 1 mA current. Hall sensors made using silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology noise level 1T/Hz@1Hz. Two-dimensional quantum-well multilayer heterostructures based on GaAs noise level 100nT/Hz@1Hz. By using integrated CMOS Hall sensor noise level can be 300nT/Hz@1Hz.

ADVANTAGES Immune to dust, dirt, mud, and water. Non-contacting current sensor. No additional resistance needed.
DISADVANTAGES Magnetic flux from the surroundings may effect. Hall voltage is often on the order of millivolts.

APPLICATIONS Anti-lock braking systems Proximity switching Positioning Speed detector Current sensing

 AMR-Anisotropic

magnetoresistive Use Permalloy to make. Commercially available AMR sensors use a barber pole structure. Aluminum stripes sputtered on permalloy strips deflect the direction of the current by 45. Four meander-shaped elements are connected into a Wheatstone bridge. Noise level of 200pT/Hz@1Hz.

Flipping The proper function of an AMR sensor is based on the single domain state of the magnetic layer. A good technique for this is periodical flipping.

Magnetic Feedback For improving the accuracy of any magnetic sensor is feedback compensation of the measured field. Modern AMR sensors have an integrated flat feedback coil. Crossfield Error AMR sensors suffer from cross-field error. V=2IRHy/(Hx+Ho) R-maximum resistance change I-bridgecurrent

USES Automotive wheel speed & crank shaft measurement Compass navigation Vehicle detection Current sensing Measure linear and angular position & displacement in earths magnetic field

 GMR-

Giant Magnetoresistive

 In

ferromagnetic materials, conduction electrons either spin up, or spin down. In nonmagnetic conductors, there are equal numbers of spin-up and spin-down electrons.

ADVANTAGES over Hall Sensors & AMR sensors Small size Large signal level High sensitivity Low power consumption Low cost

USES Linear or rotary motion and speed detection Linear or rotary position sensing Magnetic field sensing Current sensing Angular sensing

 SDT-

Spin Dependent Tunneling Significant change in effective resistance due to change in applied field. Magnetic multiplayer separated by insulating layer. Operated in hysteritic or linear mode.

ADVATAGES High spatial resolution Very small Require little power Easily combined with other electronics
DISADVANTAGES High coercivity Low linearity

 Measure

DC and low-frequency AC fields. Operation is based on modulation of the permeability of the soft magnetic core. Most fluxgates have a ring core and the same direction of the excitation and measured fields. Vacquier-type fluxgate, has two straight cores and solenoidal windings. standard method for fluxgate signal processing is phase-sensitive detection of the second harmonic component of the output voltage. The best fluxgate magnetometers use Compact Spherical Coil (CSC).

Miniature Fluxgates Common fluxgate sensors are quite large. Three basic types of miniature fluxgate are: 1) CMOS-based devices with flat coils; 2) sensors with microfabricated solenoids; 3) PCB-based devices with solenoids

Orthogonal Fluxgates Main advantage of an orthogonal fluxgate is that it needs no excitation coil. Use of phase-sensitive detection of the output voltage gives a clear advantage for the performance of the sensor. Disadvantage-necessary excitation current is high. Fundamental mode-uses DC biased excitation

APPLICATIONS Typical Flux Gate Sensor Applications include: Proximity Sensing Magnetic Field Measurement (Navigation, Geomagnetics) Speed & Position Sensing

 SQUID-

Superconducting Quantum Interference

Device

 Enough

to measure the magnetic fields in living organisms. DC SQUIDS are less noisy than the RF SQUIDS. SQUID measures only field changes.

 Proton

magnetometers, Overhauser magnetometers and optically pumped magnetometers. Very stable scalar devices & measure the absolute field value. Optical magnetometers are based on Zeeman splitting. Proton magnetometers measure the precession frequency of a proton or electron. Any scalar magnetometer can be made vectorial by adding a rotating bias field and demodulating the output

 Based

on the Faraday induction law. Induction magnetometers naturally cannot measure dc fields. They have noise level of 2pT/Hz@1Hz. Size is higher.

 GMI-

Giant Magnetoindutive GMI effect is based on the field-dependent change of the penetration depth. Temperature dependent Gives low sensitivity Characteristics are nonlinear and unipolar APPLICATIONS Compass modules for some mobile phones Detecting microbeads

 A sandwich

made from magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials. The measured field causes strain in the magnetostrictive layer.

 Lorentz

force is proportional to the measured field and the measuring current. The motion is made periodic by applying an AC measuring current. ADVATAGES High linearity Possibility to change their range widely

 There

is a tradeoff between the size of a sensor and its parameters. In many applications, such as detection of magnetic microbeads, micromagnetic scanning sensor size is an issue. Large detection distance cannot be avoided, parameters such as noise (detectivity) become more important.