Current flow versus Electron flow

Electrons flow this way.

Conventional current flows this way.

What formula relates Charge, Current and Time?

A current of 1 Ampere is flowing when 1 Coulomb of charge flows past a point in a circuit in 1 second.
Charge = current x time (C) (A) (s) If a current of 5 A is flowing then 5 C of charge pass a point in 1 second. In general, if a steady current I (amperes) flows for time t (seconds) the charge Q (coulombs) passing any point is given by

Q=Ixt

Worked example A current of 150 mA flows around a circuit for 1minute. How much electrical charge flows past a point in the circuit in this time? Solution

Substituting into Q = It gives Q = 0.15 A x 60 s = 12 C

For you to do!!

1. Convert the following currents into amperes: a) 400 mA b) 1500 mA. Ans. = a) 400 mA = 0.4 A b) 1500 mA = 1.5 A

2. What charge is delivered if a current of 6A flows for 10 seconds?

Ans. = 60 C

3. What charge is delivered if a current of 300 mA flows for 1 minute(60 seconds)? Ans. = 18 C

What is Ohms Law?

The voltage dropped across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided the temperature remains constant.

What is the formula for Ohms law?

Voltage (V) = Current (A) x resistance ()

V=IxR

Worked example on Ohms Law

2A 8

V=?

V IxR = 2A x 8 = 16 V

Ammeters and Voltmeters

Ammeters measure current and are placed in series in a circuit.
A

Voltmeters measure voltage and are placed in parallel in a circuit.

Rules for Resistors in SERIES

RTotal R1 R2 R3

Examples on Resistors in Series

No. 1

9 Ans. = 15

No. 2

Ans. = 13

Rules for Resistors in PARALLEL

1 1 1 R Total R1 R 2 R 3 This formula is shortened to R Total R 1R 2 Pr oduct R1 R 2 Sum 1

Examples on Resistors in Parallel

6
No. 1

Ans. = 3 6
No. 2

12 Ans. = 6 12

For you to do!!!!

No. 3
6 16

16

Ans. = 14

No. 4

12 No. 5 10 3 2

Ans. = 6

10

Ans. = 9

Rules for SERIES CIRCUITS

Same current but split voltage between them.

Equal resistors share the voltage between them!!

18 V

6V

6V

6V

Rules for PARALLEL CIRCUITS

Same voltage but split current between them.

What will be the currents flowing through each ammeter?

4A

?A

?A
Equal resistors

?A

Electrical Power
Electrical Power = Potential difference * current Watts Volts Amps

E.g. A study lamp is rated at 60 W, 240 V. How much current is the bulb carrying? Solution 60 W = 240 V * Current

60 W Current = ----------- = 0.25 A 240 V

A transformer is a device for increasing or decreasing an a.c. voltage.

Structure of Transformer

Circuit Symbol for Transformer

How Transformer works

Laminated soft iron core Input voltage (a.c.)

Output voltage (a.c.)

Primary coil

Secondary coil

All transformers have three parts:

1. Primary coil the incoming voltage Vp (voltage across primary coil) is connected across this coil. 2. Secondary coil this provides the output voltage Vs (voltage across the secondary coil) to the external circuit. 3. Laminated iron core this links the two coils magnetically.
Notice that there is no electrical connection between the two coils, which are constructed using insulated wire.

Two Types of Transformer

A step-up transformer increases the voltage there are more turns on the secondary than on the primary.
A step-down transformer decreases the voltage - there are fewer turns on the secondary than on the primary. To step up the voltage by a factor of 10, there must be 10 times as many turns on the secondary coil as on the primary. The turns ratio tells us the factor by which the voltage will be changed.

Formula for Transformer

voltage across the primary coil number of turns on primary voltage across the secondary coil number of turns on secondary Vp Vs Np Ns

Where Vp = primary voltage Vs = secondary voltage Np= Number of turns in primary coil Ns = Number of turns in a secondary coil.

Worked example No. 1 The diagram shows a transformer. Calculate the voltage across the secondary coil of this transformer.

Step-up transformer!

Solution

VP N P VS N S Substituting 12 180 VS 540 Crossmultiplying 180.VS 12 x 540 12 x 540 VS 180 VS 36 V

Worked example No. 2

A transformer which has 1380 turns in its primary coil is to be used to convert the mains voltage of 230 V to operate a 6 V bulb. How many turns should the secondary coil of this transformer have?

VP = 230 V

NP = 1380

VS = 6 V
NS = ?

Obviously, a Step-down transformer!!

Solution
VP N P VS NS Substituting 230 1380 6 NS Crossmultiplying 2300.N S 6 x 13800 6 x 1380 NS 230 N S 36 turns