WiMAX Key Technologies

Contents
Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

Advance Antenna Technologies

AAS Adaptive Antenna System

Beamforming (Smart Antenna) Space Time Coding (STC), Spatial Multiplexing (SM) Increased range/coverage Increased capacity Improved link quality/reliability Increase spectral efficiency Lower power requirements

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

Advantages:

Beamforming

Beamforming is a technique to control the directionality/sensitivity of an array antennas radiation pattern based on the interference.
Each users signal is multiplied with complex weights that adjust the magnitude and phase of the signal to and from each antenna. It causes the output from the array of antennas to form a transmit/receive beam in the desired direction and minimizes the output in other directions.

Space Time Coding (STC)

Space Time Coding transmit

multiple, redundant copies of a data stream to the receiver in the hope that at least some of them may survive the physical path between transmission and reception in a good enough state to allow reliable decoding.

WiMAX specifies Alamouti scheme

for space-time coding.

Types: Trellis codes (STTC) provide both coding gain and diversity gain. Block codes (STBC) provide only diversity gain but is less complex. Used in WiMAX.

Spatial Multiplexing (SM)

In SM-MIMO, multiple streams are transmitted over multiple antennas. If the receiver also has multiple antennas, it can separate the different streams to achieve higher throughput. The mobile WiMAX standard covers a suite of MIMO encoding techniques for up to 4 antennas at each end of the link (4*4 MIMO)

UL Collaborative MIMO Two separate WiMAX devices, each having a single transmit lineup, utilize the same frequency allocation to communicate with the dual-antenna WiMAX base station. Double the uplink capacity of the WiMAX system.

Adaptive Switching for Antenna

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Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

HARQ

HARQ (Hybrid ARQ) is a combination of ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) and FEC (Forward Error Correction) coding. An HARQ scheme uses an error control code in conjunction with the retransmission scheme to ensure reliable transmission of data packets. Every sent packet includes parity bits for error correction and detection. Within the FEC capability, the errors will be corrected. Beyond the FEC capability, ARQ is used. HARQ types: Chase Combining Incremental Redundancy

Base Station

Type I Chase Combining

In chase combining, the receiver keeps the frame with error and combines it with the retransmitted frame before attempting to decode the information. The combination can obtain a data frame with higher SNR. It provides powerful error correction capability and is very suited for channels with strong interference.

Type II Incremental Redundancy

Incremental Redundancy improves the correct decoding probability by gradually reducing the encoding rate -- the redundancy of the code words is increased incrementally. It can adaptively adjust the encoding rate of the transmit end according to the instantaneous decoding condition. Only applicable to CC & CTC (Convolutional Turbo Coding)

Forward Error Correction

The transmit end sends correctable codes and the receiver uses a code correction decoder to automatically detect errors and perform error correction. Coding schemes:

Convolutional Coding (CC) Block Turbo Coding (BTC) Convolutional Turbo Coding (CTC) Low Parity Density Check (LDPC)

CC is a mandatory scheme, while the others are optional schemes. However, most manufacturers implement CTC for its better performance.

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Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

AMC

AMC stands for Adaptive Modulation and Coding Dynamically varies the size of the raw channel. Channel capacity can vary depending on link conditions Key Features: Increases the effective coverage range. Allows the system to adapt to the actual fading conditions, and use higher modulation schemes when possible.

AMC

Mobile WiMAX supports AMC in both downlink and uplink with variable packet size.
DL Modulation DL Code Rate UL Modulation UL Code Rate

Technology

Mobile WiMAX

64QAM 16QAM QPSK

CC, CTC:

16QAM 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 QPSK Repetition: 64QAM

x2, x4, x6
(optional)

CC, CTC:
1/2, 2/3, 5/6

Repetition:
x2, x4, x6

AMC

The system should have timely and accurate understanding of the channel performance. OFDM system can use pilot signals or reference code words with known data to test the SINR of each channel According to the SINR, determine the most appropriate modulation mode.

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Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

Resource allocation

Resource allocation uses scheduling algorithms to determine which users to schedule, how to allocate subcarriers to them, and which power level is appropriate. Aim of resource allocation: Take advantage of multiuser diversity and adaptive modulation to provide high throughput while considering fairness among users in the system.

CSI Channel State Information

Multiuser diversity describes the gains available by selecting a user or sub-set of users having good conditions

Scheduling Algorithms

Fair throughput scheduling Allocate same throughput to all subscribers. Different Subscribers can obtain the same throughput. Fair time scheduling Allocate same occupation time to all subscribers. Different Subscribers can get equivalent bandwidth. Max C/I scheduling All the subscribers to be served according to the expected C/I value of signals. Round Robin(RR) All the subscribers can occupy resources by turns in a specific sequence. Proportional Fairness Scheduling (PFS) In a short term, the algorithm takes channel conditions into prior consideration. In a long term,ensures fair throughput for every subscriber.

Algorithm Comparison

Algorithm Fair throughput Fair time Max C/I RR PFS

Sum Capacity Medium Low Highest Medium Higher

Fairness Best Better Worst Better Better

Complexity High Low Lower Low Lower

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Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

Handoff

Mobility management, enables the MS to retain its connectivity to the network while moving from the coverage area of one BS to the next thru the handoff process. Handover Schemes

Optimized Hard Handover (OHHO) Fast Base Station Switching (FBSS) Macro Diversity Handover (MDHO) Mobile initiated BS initiated Network initiated Neighbor advertisements from Serving BS Periodic intervals for scanning Neighbor BS

Handover Control

Cell Selection

Handoff Process
MS performs scanning and association with one or more neighboring BSs to determine their suitability as a handoff target MS sends request message to the BS indicating one or more BSs as handoff targets. BS sends a response message indicating the target BSs for handoff. MS selects the target BS by sending an handoff indication message. MS receives the DL preamble to get time and frequency synchronization for the DL transmission, and decode DL/UL-MAP for more information on the ranging channel. MS uses the ranging channel to synchronize its UL transmission with the BS and get information about initial timing advance and power level Previous BS starts resource retain timer and holds MAC PDU associated with MS until the timer expires

Cell Selection

Handoff decision and initiation Synchronization to target BS Ranging to target BS

Release of previous BS

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Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

Power Control

Purpose of power control Remove the influence of slow fading in the wireless channel Prevent power increase to decrease the overall interference level of the system Reduce the Tx power to the minimum level that meets the communication quality requirement. Principles of power control Power balance

Ensure approximately equal power of the wanted signals at the receive end
Ensure approximately equal C/I at the receive end Ensure approximately equal BER/FER at the receive end

SNR balance

BER/FER balance

Power Control

Power Control Methods:

Open loop MS vary their own transmit power according to received signal quality.

Reverse Open Loop Power Control

Closed loop - power is varied according to the base station decision from comparison of the received signal quality to a setpoint.
Mobile
Reverse Closed Loop Power Control

BTS

or

Signal Strength Measurement Setpoint

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Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

Power Saving Modes

Power management allows an MS to conserve battery resources, a critical feature for handheld devices. Power saving modes:

Sleep Mode Idle Mode (optional)

Sleep Mode

In sleep mode, an MS with active connections negotiates with the BS to temporarily disrupt its connection over the air interface for a predetermined amount of time, called the sleep window. Each sleep window is followed by a listen window, during which the MS restores its connection.
Periodic sleep intervals

MS request BS to enter sleep mode

Active

Sleeps

Listens

Sleeps

Listens

Periodic listen intervals

Idle Mode

In Idle mode, MS can receive broadcast/multicast service without registering to the network. Cell selection may occur but no handoff happens thus saving power on the MS and saving resources on the BS. Paging is used to alert MS of incoming message. MS associates to a broadcast region formed by a paging group.

Paging Group 1

Paging Group 2

Paging Group 3

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Advance Antenna Technologies Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheduling Algorithms Handoff Power Control Power Saving Modes Quality of Service (QoS)

Quality of Service (QoS)

With fast air link, symmetric downlink/uplink capacity, fine resource granularity and a flexible resource allocation mechanism, Mobile WiMAX can meet QoS requirements for a wide range of data services and applications. Unsolicited grant services (UGS) - support fixed-size data packets at a constant bit rate (CBR). Real-time polling services (rtPS) - support real-time service flows, such as MPEG video, that generate variable-size data packets on a periodic basis. Non-real-time polling service (nrtPS) - support delaytolerant data streams, such as an FTP, that require variable-size data grants at a minimum guaranteed rate. Best-effort (BE) service - support data streams, such as Web browsing, that do not require a minimum service-level guarantee. Extended real-time variable rate (ERT-VR) service support real-time applications, such as VoIP with silence suppression, that have variable data rates but require guaranteed data rate and delay

Qos Service Types