MEEN 221 Numerical Methods

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Chapter 2
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Programming and Software
Chapter 2
Objective is how to use the computer as a tool
to obtain numerical solutions to a given
engineering model. There are two ways in
using computers:
Use available software
Or, write computer programs to extend the
capabilities of available software, such as Excel
and Matlab.
Engineers should not be tool limited, it is
important that they should be able to do both!
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Computer programs are set of instructions that direct the
computer to perform a certain task.
To be able to perform engineering-oriented numerical
calculations, you should be familiar with the following
programming topics:
Simple information representation (constants, variables, and type
declaration)
Advanced information representation (data structure, arrays, and
records)
Mathematical formulas (assignment, priority rules, and intrinsic
functions)
Input/Output
Logical representation (sequence, selection, and repetition)
Modular programming (functions and subroutines)
We will focus the last two topics, assuming that you have
some prior exposure to programming.
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Structured Programming
Structured programming is a set of rules that
prescribe god style habits for programmer.
An organized, well structured code
Easily sharable
Easy to debug and test
Requires shorter time to develop, test, and update
The key idea is that any numerical algorithm can be
composed of using the three fundamental structures:
Sequence, selection, and repetition

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Fig. 2.1

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Sequence. Computer
code must be
implemented one
instruction at a time,
unless you instruct
otherwise. The
structure can be
expressed as a
flowchart or
pseudocode.

Fig.2.2
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Selection. Splits
the programs flow
into branches
based on outcome
of a logical
condition.




Fig. 2.3
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Repetition. A means to implement instructions repeatedly.





Fig. 2.4
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Fig. 2.5
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Figure 2.6
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Modular Programming
The computer programs can be divided into
subprograms, or modules, that can be developed and
tested separately.
Modules should be as independent and self contained
as possible.
Advantages to modular design are:
It is easier to understand the underlying logic of
smaller modules
They are easier to debug and test
Facilitate program maintenance and modification
Allow you to maintain your own library of
modules for later use




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Fig. 2.7
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EXCEL
Is a spreadsheet that allow the user to enter and perform
calculations on rows and columns of data.
When any value on the sheet is changed, entire calculation is
updated, therefore, spreadsheets are ideal for what if? sorts
of analysis.
Excel has some built in numerical capabilities including
equation solving, curve fitting and optimization.
It also includes VBA as a macro language that can be used to
implement numerical calculations.
It has several visualization tools, such as graphs and three
dimensional plots.
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Fig. 2.8

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MATLAB
Is a flagship software which was originally
developed as a matrix laboratory. A variety of
numerical functions, symbolic computations,
and visualization tools have been added to the
matrix manipulations.
MATLAB is closely related to programming.


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Fig. 2.9
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Other Languages and Libraries
Fortran 90 (IMSL)
C++

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Homework #1
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Problem 2.24
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50
( ) ( ) 9.8 ( )
80
v t t v t v t t
(
+ A = + A
(

Before the chute opens (t < 10). Eulers method can be
implemented as
After the chute opens (t 10). The drag coefficient is changed and
the implementation becomes
10
( ) ( ) 9.8 ( )
80
v t t v t v t t
(
+ A = + A
(

Problem 2.24
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Problem 2.24
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z =

Columns 1 through 15

0 1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 4.0000 5.0000 6.0000 7.0000 8.0000 9.0000
10.0000 11.0000 12.0000 13.0000 14.0000
-20.0000 -7.6900 3.0813 12.5061 20.7528 27.9687 34.2826 39.8073 44.6414
48.8712 52.5723 29.5246 20.8817 17.6406 16.4252

Columns 16 through 21

15.0000 16.0000 17.0000 18.0000 19.0000 20.0000
15.9695 15.7985 15.7345 15.7104 15.7014 15.6980


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t v
0 -20.000
1 -7.690
2 3.081
3 12.506
4 20.753
5 27.969
6 34.283
7 39.807
8 44.641
9 48.871
10 52.572
11 29.525
12 20.882
13 17.641
14 16.425
15 15.969
16 15.799
17 15.734
18 15.710
19 15.701
20 15.698
>>