Motion

Motion Main Topics

Vibration
Acceleration Illusions during Motion Motion Sickness

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Two General Classes of Motions

Volitional, Low-Speed
Issues Concerned: Permanence (S-A trade-off) Strategy to minimize stress Accumulative effects (low force) Acute effect (forceful exertion)

Non-Volitional, High-Speed
Issues Concerned: Tolerance Safety and protection Impact and acute effects Illusion

* Vibration a special entity

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Senses Related to Motion

Sensory Receptors
Exteroceptors deal with stimuli external to the body Proprioceptors stimulated by bodys own actions Semicircular Canals acceleration/deceleration sensors

Vestibular Sacs postural/balance sensors

(Figure 19-1)

Conflict between visual perceptions and actual gravity

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Ways to Describe Vibration

Type (Wave Form)
Sinusoidal vs. Random

Direction
Forward-Backward Left-Right Up-Down

Frequency
Cycles per second

Intensity
Amplitude (Displacement) Velocity Acceleration Rate of acceleration change

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Effects of Vibration on the Body

1. Transmission Attenuation Amplification

Resonance

3-4 Hz 4 Hz

5 Hz 20-30 Hz 60-90 Hz

Resonance in cervical (neck vertebrae) Peak resonance in lumbar (upper torso) vertebrae Resonance in shoulder girdle Resonance between head and shoulders Resonance in eyeballs

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Effects of Vibration
2. Physiological Effects
Short-term exposure increased HR increased muscle tension urge to urinate chest pain Long-term exposure increased risk of disc herniation increase risk of low-back pain increased risk of Reynauds Syndrome or Traumatic Vasopastic Disease (TVD)

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Effects of Vibration

3. Performance
Visual Performance impaired by vibration of 10-25 Hz minor effect in low frequency range due to head/eye compensatory motion Motor Performance vertical sinusoidal vibration of 420 Hz most detrimental dependent on display and control Neural Process central neural processes (e.g., RT, pattern recognition) highly resistant to vibration effect tension in muscle increases vigilance

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Subjective Responses Whole-Body Vibration

Comfort scale
mildly uncomfortable annoying very uncomfortable alarming

Attempt to link frequency & acceleration to comfort scales Equivalent-comfort contours

Large inter-person variability makes design considerations challenging

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Limits of Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration

Criterion-based
comfort, task performance, or physiological response

ISO 2631
most applicable for transportation and industrial type vibration exposures

Fatigue-Decreased Proficiency (FDP)

Figure 19-7, page 634

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Limits of Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration

Criticisms of FDP:
1. Comfort and FDP limits for short exposures maybe too high

2. Appear to be based on mean results

3. Imply the effects of multiple singleaxis vibrations are additive 4. Similar shaped contours are an oversimplification 5. Comfort contours may be inaccurate at extreme frequencies 6. Assumes time/intensity trade-off with little support

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Control of Vibration
Source Control
Reduce intensity Avoid resonance Provide tool balancing Use non- or less vibratory tools

Path Control
Provide rest period Reduce transmission (attenuate) Use isolator

Receiver Control
Use isolating or damping apparatus Adopt more resistant postures Reduce grip force Reduce contact area

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Acceleration
Terminology 1. Acceleration:
Rate of change of motion

2. Linear acceleration:
Rate of change of velocity

3. Rotational acceleration:
Rate of change of direction Radial (centrifugal) acceleration Angular (tangential) acceleration Nystagmus: involuntary oscillatory movement of the eyeball

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Acceleration

Direction (Figure 19-8) 1. X-Axis: Forward/Backward 2. Y-Axis: Left/Right 3. Z-Axis: Headward/Footward Follows right-hand rule (RHL)

Look at motion of the eyeballs to determine the direction of acceleration Eyeballs go opposite of acceleration, and same direction as deceleration

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Acceleration

4. Tumbling
Head over heels

5. Spinning
Around main body axis - spiral nose dive - forces alternate +/-

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Acceleration Duration
Sustained
Begins at 2/10 second and continues Effects are primarily physiological

Abrupt
Shorter acceleration, less than 2/10 second
Mainly effects of impact or rapid deceleration

Effects are primarily physical

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Acceleration Duration

Three Categories Short

- less than 1 second - impact or acute effect

Intermediate
- 1/2 to 2 second duration - very abrupt

Long
- greater than 2 seconds through several minutes

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Methods of Study
Tracks
Usually acceleration/deceleration studies performed on tracks Slide/ejection tests in impact laboratories

Centrifuges
Help to study the effect of non-linear acceleration Rotary chairs or vehicles

Suicides/Accidents
Haven - Golden Gate Bridge and Brooklyn Bridge Real field studies if caught on tape Reconstruction or simulation

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Resulting Forces on the Body

-Gz Eyeballs Up

-Gy Eyeballs Right

+Gx Eyeballs In

-Gx Eyeballs Out

+Gy Eyeballs Left

+Gz Eyeballs Down

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Effects of Directional Forces

Effects of +Gz (Figure 19-9)
Acceleration headward
Increase in weight; drooping of face and soft tissues Difficult or impossible to raise oneself Blackout; loss of consciousness Cardiac output and stroke volume decrease while HR, aortic pressure, and vascular resistance increase Maximum Tolerance = ~16 G

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Effects of Directional Forces

Effects of -Gz
Acceleration footward facial congestion headache blurring, graying, reddening of vision Limit at -5 G is about 5 s Maximum Tolerance = ~10 G

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Effects of Directional Forces

Effects of +Gx (Fig 19-10, -11)

Acceleration sternumward Speech difficult Progressive tightness and pain in chest Difficulty in lifting body parts Blurring of vision Dyspnea Maximum Tolerance = ~30 G

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Effects of Directional Forces

Effects of -Gx
Acceleration spineward Effects the opposite of +Gx Tolerance = ~30G

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Effects of Directional Forces

Effects of +/- Gy
little information on these effects mainly encountered in an aircraft magnitude is relatively small compared to other directions less common in occupational settings

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Deceleration (Impact)
Exposures less than 2/10 second Extremely abrupt Reverse acceleration Mainly in forward/backward direction

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Deceleration (Impact)

Duration G Rate of Onset

t0

t1

t2

t3

Magnitude

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Deceleration (Impact)

Factors affecting the impact of an impact

Rate of Onset Peak G Stopping Distance Angle of Impact

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Tolerance
Survivable
limit around 30-40 Gs can only endure for 0.25 seconds

Injury
60 G with rate of onset 5000 G/sec

Death
200 G with rate of onset 5000 G/sec

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Protection
1. Restraining Devices
seat belt

2. Absorbing Devices
air bag

3. Special Contoured Seats

secondary collision minimized

4. Body Posture
direction-dependent stiffness or resistance

5. Water Immersion
damping

6. Anti-G Suits
can take up to 9 G

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Weightlessness
Two Aspects
absence of weight itself tractionless condition Both remain to be fully investigated

Physiological Effects
space sickness (space adaptation syndrome) anthropometric change: height growth 3% relaxed posture assumed (Figure 19-13)

Performance Effects
exhaustion due to the added third dimension in locomotion

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Illusions During Motion

Human senses are not designed for extremely dynamic motions and unusual, prolonged forces encountered in special settings Disorientation from False Sensations (due to inaccurate sensory information)
disrupted vestibular-visual coordination: illusion of spinning in opposite direction Coriolis illusion: illusion of roll during turning or circling motion oculogravic illusion: impression of tilt during a sudden increase of forward speed

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Illusions During Motion

Disorientation from Misperception (due to brains misinterpretation or misclassification of accurate sensory information
Autokinesis: fixed light appears to be moving against a dark background

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Motion Sickness
Cause: incongruities among senses

Eyes Kinesthetic (body position)

Vestibular (inner ear tubes)

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Motion Sickness

Head Symptoms
drowsiness general apathy

Gut Symptoms
nausea vomiting

Sensory Rearrangement Theory

sensory systems provide contradictory information

Simulator Sickness
exact cause unknown