T.O.A.O.

S DED 1053 ORAL SKILLS E- NOTES

Interactive Skills
Routines Negotiation skills Pronunciation and Speech Organs Stress Patterns PREPARED BY: NURSUHAILA IBRAHIM

INTRODUCTION

Interaction skills

Routines

Information routines

Interaction routines

Negotiation skills

A) ROUTINES -Bygate ( 1987)- routines can be defined as conversational ways of presenting information - Patterns in communication.
Example: a) Story telling b) Describing or comparing c) Instructing

B) NEGOTIATION SKILLS skills to deal with communication problems Example a) Check specific meanings b) Change wording c) Correct mistaken interpretations d) Find words or uncommon ideas, etc

 Ways of presenting information. 2 kinds of routines:

Routines

1. INFORMATION ROUTINES

-common types of info. Structures, such as stories, descriptions of places and people, presentation of facts, comparisons, and insructions. - grouped- a) expository(fact-ex: narration, description, and instruction) b) evaluative (drawing conclusion- ex: explanations, predictions, justifications, decisions)

Eg; a narrative many essential features: setting, plot, theme etc. To tell a successful narrative must give accurate account. So, more features more difficult to tell the story.

2. INTERACTION ROUTINES sequences of kinds of terms occurring in typical kinds of interactions. Eg: telephone conversations, interview situations, etc. If speaker get sequence wrong may sound rude or disorganized. Good speakers develop the repertoire.

ROUTINE SKILLS

INFORMATION ROUTINES -STORIES -PRESENTATIONS -COMPARISONS

INTERACTION ROUTINES -CASUAL ENCOUNTERS -TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS -RADIO OR TELEVISION INTERVIEWS

INSTRUCTIONS

Negotiation skills
Negotiation of meaning achieve understanding
Level of explicitness what listener knows/ needs to know

Negotiation skills
Management Of interaction deciding who is going to speak next

Procedures of negotiation words and phrases used.

Agenda management

Turn-taking

Characteristics of interaction routines SPEAKER

Announcing or indicating ones purpose in advance

Checking that the other person has understood

Asking the other person for information or language

Asking other persons opinion

Characteristics of interaction routines LISTENER

Indicating understanding by gestures, facial expression etc

Checking or indicating understanding by summarising Indicating uncertainty about comprehension.

Asking for clarification

Management of interaction
1. Agenda management 2. Turn-taking

Freedom to start, Getting a turn and maintain, direct and letting another speaker end a conversation have a turn in a without conforming to a conversation. script and without intervention of a third party.

Turn-taking
Knowing how to let someone else have a turn Recognizing the right moment to get a turn.

Knowing how to signal for a turn

Knowing how to use appropriate turn structure.

Recognizing another speakers signal to speak.

PRONUNCIATION AND SPEECH ORGANS

Need to know parts of a speech organ to teach pronunciation. Students can learn pronunciation by imitating teacher.

Speech organ

Pronunciation

Sound

Stress

Intonation

Vowels

Conson ants

Word stress

Lingkage

Sentence stress

Rising tune

Falling tune