Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Niranjan Murthy H L
Asst Prof of Physiology
prosencephalon
rhombencephalon
• Two hemispheres
• Separated by falx cerebri
• Interconnected by corpus callosum
• Three poles
• Three surfaces
• Five lobes
• Outer gray matter & inner white matter
Cerebral cortex
• It has 25 billion neurons, 62,000 miles of
axons and 300,000,000,000,000 synapses
• 2-4mm thick
• 2200 sq cm
• Gyri and sulci
• Important sulci- Central (Rolandic) sulcus,
Lateral (Sylvian) sulcus, Parieto-occipital
sulcus, Calcarine sulcus
• Brodmann- 47 Brodmann areas
• Area 4- Primary motor area- Precentral gyrus
• Area 3,1,2- Primary sensory area- Postcentral
gyrus
• Area 6, 8-13, 24, 32, 44-47 – Frontal association
area
• Area 41- Primary auditory area
• Area 20, 21, 22- Auditory association areas
• Area 5, 7- Sensory association areas
• Area 40- Stereognosis area
• Area 17- Primary visual area
• Area 18, 19- Visual association areas
Cytoarchitecture of cortex
• 6 layered- Neocortex
• < 6layers- Allocortex/Juxtallocortex
Layer I: Molecular or Plexiform layer
Horizontal spread of neuronal activity
Layer II: External Granular Layer
Small fusiform cells
Afferents from layer IV and efferents to
layers V & VI
Layer III: External Pyramidal Layer
Large cells
Afferents from layer IV, V & VI
Efferents to Layer V & VI
• Major areas-
(1) Somatosensory area I
(2) Somatosensory area II
(3) Area 5 & 7
(4) Area 40
(1) Somatosensory Area I
Postcentral gyrus
Areas 3,1,2
Afferents from opposite side of body
and both sides of face
Sensory homunculus (little man)
Removal- causes loss of fine touch &
position sense and deficits in
discrimination of size and shape.
(2) Somatosensory Area II:
Mostly buried in superior wall of Sylvian fissure
Afferents from both sides of body
Removal cause deficits of discrimination power
(3) Sensory Association Area ( Areas 5 & 7)
Located behind S I
Inputs from S I, ventrobasal nucleus of
thalamus, visual and auditory cortex.
Removal causes amorphosynthesis
Bilateral removal causes constructional
apraxia and loss of spatial orientation
• Major areas-
Motor cortex and
prefrontal areas
• Primary Motor Area:
Area 4
Precentral gyrus
Motor homunculus
Face, pharynx, vocal
cords and respiratory
muscles have
bilateral
representation
• Supplementary motor area medially
beyond the margin of central sulcus over
medial surface
• It is concerned with complex movements
involving planning
• Premotor Area: Area 6
Located anterior to motor cortex
Topography is same as motor cortex
Postural movements to assist specific
tasks
Anterior part develops motor image and
send signals to posterior part or primary
motor cortex.
• Frontal eye field: Area 8
Lies anterior to premotor area
Stimulation causes conjugate deviation of
eyes to opposite side
• Suppressor Areas: Areas 4s, 2s, 8s, 19s &
24s
Inhibition of stretch reflex
Projects to basal ganglia also
Prefrontal Lobe
• Lies anterior to motor areas 4, 6 & 8.
• Major areas are 9-13, 24, 32 and 44-47.
• Silent area/organ of mind
Connections:
Afferents-
Fibers from dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus
project to areas 9-12 and 44-47. Dorsomedial
nucleus receives afferents from hypothalamus
Fibers from anterior nucleus of thalamus projects
to area 24. It forms a part of Papez circuit
Efferents-
Areas 24s and 8s project to caudate
Frontopontine tract from area10
Coritcotegmental tract from area 8
Projections from areas 9 & 10 to
tegmental reticular formation and anterior
& ventral thalamic nuclei
Intercortical connections-
Fronto-occipital projection (visual agnosia)
Fibers form areas 44-47 and area 18 pass
to temporal lobe
Functions of Prefrontal lobe:
Connections with thalamus, hypothalamus &
other areas of cortex
3. Control of ANS
4. Control of personality
5. Control of emotional affects
6. Control of behaviour & social
consciousness
7. Responsible for resting EEG
Experimental studies:
Ablation-
3. Alteration of activity
Initially there is apathy followed by
hyperactivity
Sham rage
6. Alteration in emotional exteriorization
-Experimental neurosis – discrimination of
weights
-removal of areas 3,1,2 – rage
-removal of area 24 – abolishing of rage
3. Alterations in social behaviour
Removal of anterior cingulate gyrus
abolished moral sense of right or wrong
Loss of shyness and fear
4. Impairment of memory
5. Impairment of learning and intellectual
functions
Electrical stimulation-
Changes in autonomic activity
Applied aspects
Prefrontal lobectomy:
Bilateral lobectomy cause impaired social
behaviour & loss of emotional control.
Prefrontal leucotomy:
Cutting of connections between thalamus and
prefrontal lobe
Frontal lobe syndrome- flight of ideas, memory
impairment, euphoria, restlessness, loss of
morality, emotional instability
Temporal lobe