Chapter 9 Stress Transformations

Plane stress transformation (section 9.1) General equations of plane stress transformation (section 9.2) Principal stresses and maximum In-Plane Shear stress (section 9.3) Mohrs circle- plane stress (section 9.4) Stress in shafts due to axial load and Torsion (section 9.5) Stress variation throughout prismatic beam (section 9.6)

APPLICATIONS

GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANESTRESS TRANSFORMATION

The state of plane stress at a point is uniquely represented by three components acting on an element that has a specific orientation at the point. Sign Convention: -Positive normal stress acts outward from all faces, and -Positive shear stress acts upwards on the right-hand face of the element

Fig. 9-2

Fig. 9-5

GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANESTRESS TRANSFORMATION (CONT.)

Sign convention (continued) -Both the x-y and x-y system follow the right-hand rule -The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the normal and shear stress components are to be determined) will be defined using the angle . The angle is measured from the positive x to the positive x-axis. It is positive if it
follows the curl of the right-hand fingers.

Fig. 9-6 (a) and (b)

GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANESTRESS TRANSFORMATION (CONT.)

Normal and shear stress components:
- Consider the free-body diagram of the segment

Fig. 9-6 (c) and (d)

GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANESTRESS TRANSFORMATION (CONT.)

+Fx = 0; x A (xy A sin ) cos (y A sin ) sin ( xy A cos ) sin (x A cos ) cos = 0 x = x cos2 + y sin2 + xy (2 sin cos ) xy A + (xy A sin ) sin (y A sin ) cos ( xy A cos ) cos + (x A cos ) sin = 0 xy = (y x) sin cos + xy (cos2 sin2 ) x + y x y + cos 2 + xy sin 2 2 2

+Fy = 0;

x =

x + y xy = sin 2 + xy cos 2 2
y = x + y x y cos 2 xy sin 2 2 2

EXAMPLE 1

EXAMPLE 1 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 1 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 1 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 2

EXAMPLE 2 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 2 (CONTINUED)

IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS

The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum normal stress at the point. When the state of stress is represented by the principal stresses, no shear stress will act on the element.

y dx = x 2 d

( 2 sin 2 ) + 2 xy cos 2 = 0
Solving this equation leads to = p; i.e

xy tan 2p = (x y) /2

Fig. 9-8 Fig. 9-9 (a) (b)

+ y 1,2 = x 2

x y 2

+ xy2

MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS

The state of stress can also be represented in terms of the maximum in-plane shear stress. In this case, an average stress will also act on the element.

dxy y = x d 2

( 2 cos ) xy ( 2 sin 2 ) = 0

Solving this equation leads to = s; i.e

( x y) / 2 tan 2s = xy max in-plane =

x y 2

) +

2 xy

And there is a normal stress on the plane of maximum in-plane shear stress; i.e.

avg = x + y 2

EXAMPLE 1

EXAMPLE 1 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 1 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 2

EXAMPLE 2 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 2 (CONTINUED)

MOHRS CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRESS

A geometrical representation of equations 9.1 and 9.2; i.e. x

x + y 2

)=(

x y 2

) cos 2 +
xy

xy

sin 2

xy =

x y 2

) sin 2 +

cos 2

Sign Convention: is positive to the right, and is positive downward.

Fig. 9-15 (a)-(b)

EXAMPLE 1

EXAMPLE 1 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 1 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 1 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 2

EXAMPLE 2 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 2 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 2 (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE 3

EXAMPLE 3 (CONT.)

EXAMPLE 3 (CONT.)

EXAMPLE 3 (CONT.)

APPLICATIONS IN CIRCULAR SHAFT

APPLICATIONS IN CIRCULAR SHAFT (CONT.)

APPLICATIONS IN CIRCULAR SHAFT (CONT.)

APPLICATION IN PRISMATIC BEAM

Stress variations throughout a prismatic beam: - At section a-a - Stress trajectories indicating the direction of principal stress of the same magnitude.

Fig. 9-24

Fig. 9-25

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE (CONTINUED)

EXAMPLE (CONTINUED)