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Backward Scheduling:
Starts backward from the required due date of finishing the activity and thus start date/time is calculated Start time thus calculated is the latest starting date Based on the philosophy finish economically when required
Some other not so common techniques are: GERT, Liner programming and Simulation
The Cut wood activity can be carried out in parallel to the Build shed base & Supervise cement hardening ones. The dark arrows show what is known as the Critical Path.
Example Example
Activity
J M V Y L Q W X
Description
System Design Hardware Purchase and delivery Hardware assembly and test Hardware Installation Software specification Software purchase and delivery System Test User Test
Constraints: Constraints refer to inequalities which establishes relationship between the sequence of network activities. Eg. There may be a condition that unless an activity is completed, the other activity can not be started. X < Y will mean unless activity X is completed, Y cant be started.
On the basis of above information, prepare a network diagram for given project.
Draw/ Calculate: a)Network diagram of the project b)Critical path Theoretical questions can also be framed from Numerical/practical topics. Ex: Ques 3 Question 3: What is the procedure of determining Critical Path?
Calculations Calculations for for ES, ES, EF EF and and LS, LS, LF LF
ES: Early start of an activity depends on the completion time of an activitys immediate predecessors. It can be found by summing up of duration (ES time each predecessor activity + duration of immediate predecessor) of each predecessor activity along the path. ES reflects the total time along the longest path LS: Late times: Latest allowable times that the activity can be started and finished without delaying the completion of project.
Used to determine
Expected project duration Slack time (Total Slack and Free Slack) Critical path
Free Slack is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without affecting the start times of any successor activities.
Free Slack = ES (of earliest successor) EF (of given activity)
PERT PERT
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique), is used in projects where there is uncertainty associated with the nature and duration of activities.
PERT analysis is on the basis that a small set of activities, which make up the longest path through the activity network control the entire project.
In AOA, AON methods computations are done using the best time estimates. PERT however addresses uncertainty in duration by using three time estimatesoptimistic, most likely and pessimistic. These estimates are used to calculate the Expected time for an activity
Optimistic time: The minimum time an activity could take-the situation where everything goes well Pessimistic time: it is the maximum time an activity could takewhen bad luck is encountered at every stage Most likely: Normal time to complete the job
PERT: PERT: Time Time Estimates Estimates for for a a Project Project
Optimistic time
Time required under optimal conditions
Pessimistic time
Time required under worst conditions
te
t + 4t +t o m p = 6
the higher likelihood that the activities will be completed much earlier or much later than t e. Total time of a project is summation of expected time of activities on critical path Variation of Project is computed as sum of the variances of the activity durations along the critical path
to Optimistic time
tm
te
tp Pessimistic time
Z indicates how many standard deviations of the path distribution the specified time is beyond the expected path duration .
Z =