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Road is an essential part of an infrastructure it is considered to be an arteries of any nation. Good roads not only makes transportation easier but also benefits to an economy in a substantial way. It is the roads that provides connectivity between two cities and between cities and rural areas. To construct roads and highways there are many construction machineries with different mechanical principles and operations.
Compactor
Machineries used for reducing the size of the waste materials through compaction is called as compactors. Compactors are available in different shapes, sizes and configuration. Normally the compactors are powered by the hydraulics and are very useful. There are different types of compactors like plate compactors, vibratory compactors, sheeps foot compactors, steel rollers compactors with rubber tyres, etc.
Asphalt Recyclers
Asphalt recycler machine is designed to crush asphalt and asphalt mixed with rocks, into fine material. The material produced can be used as a base before laying new asphalt or in some cases, as the top surface. There are different variety of asphalt recyclers using different techniques for heating asphalt which is important step in whole recycling process.
Paver Finisher
For giving final finish to pavement surfaces, paver finisher is an important equipment. Tractor and the screed unit are two important components of the typical paver machine. This paver is suitable for various asphalt surfaces. Asphalt paver finisher machine consists of the screed, which is attached through two long side arms or leveling arms at tow points of the tractor, one on either side. The screed is not fixed but is free to pivot about tow points. The screed is towed by the tractor. The tractors are either wheel mounted or track mounted.
Fork Lifts
It is an industrial vehicle mainly used to move and lift materials through steel forks which is inserted under the loads. Forklift mainly move loads stored on pallets. Forklift trucks are generally powered by an LPG, gasoline or diesel fueled internal combustion engine or electric motor which is powered by battery. Counterweight which compensate for the load is at the rear of the machine. Load is lowered, raised and tilted by the mast which is operated hydraulically and consists of a cylinder and interlocking rails.
Cold Planer
Cold planers are those construction equipments that are used for repairing asphalt abutting manhole covers, curbsides, gutters and driveways. In pothole repairs and utility cuts also it is very useful. Moreover, it rehabilitates and repairs the damaged road surfaces and lay new roads. The important feature of the cold planer is that the pressure is activated at the center of the cutting drum. It has swing away hydraulic controls and the points prone to wear are less. Bounce depends on the rotation speed. Faster the rotation, less is the bounce.
Bridge Crane
Bridge crane is a heavy machinery that is designed to build or fix a bridge. It operates on two tracks and has four way horizontal movement. Bridge cranes cover rectangular area and can be floor supported or hung from the ceiling. Double girder bridge crane can be utilized at any capacity where extremely high hook lift is required because the hook can be pulled up between the girders.
Gantry Crane
Gantry cranes are those cranes which are generally used for moving heavy loads. They are a common type of portable material handling equipment used in job station or secondary task areas. Gantry cranes are quite similar to overhead cranes except that the bridge which carries trolley is rigidly supported on two or more legs running on fixed rails.
Floating Crane
Floating cranes are those heavy-duty cranes which are frequently used for building bridges, and constructing ports. They also have great utility in loading and unloading of heavy weights on and off ships. The floating cranes are generally self-propelled. They have the powerful diesel generators to work the crane winches, which can be switched to propel the craft. Floating cranes can be mounted on a swing base installed on the deck of a pontoon and can swing in a circular motion both in a clockwise and anticlockwise direction. Apart from pontoon mounted cranes, some floating cranes barges with a lifting capacity exceeding 10,000 tonnes and are used to transport entire bridge sections.
Jib Crane
Jib crane derives their name from the horizontal beam, or jib, upon which the shuttle or hoist is mounted. With horizontal loadsupporting boom fastened to a rotating vertical column, jib crane is either attached to a wall or extending from floor to ceiling. A jib crane consists of strut, pulley block and cables. The winch is used to move the cable up or down. The winch may be manipulated using a variety of power sources, including fossil fuels, hydraulic or pneumatic power, or electric chain jib cranes.
Launching Girder
Launching girder itself is a steel structure which moves forward on the bridge piers span by span. With different launching capacities and heights, launching girders are used for making different kinds of bridges. As launching girder can handle cast-in place concrete, as well as prefabricated elements, it is highly adaptable for a wide range of spans and types of superstructure.
Canal Finisher
Canal finishing is necessary as it prevents water seepage and hence water logging. Canal finishing is done through lining of concrete on both side of the canals. Concrete trucks have access on one side only and the canal spanning conveyor allows concrete to be placed on the opposite canal slope. Machine can be used alternatively for bed and slope finishing canal projects. Longitudinal and transverse joints are scored with attachments on the canal finisher machine and the workers on the work bridge finish the joints. The finisher covers maximum distance while paving. The finisher can finish the work at a faster rate. The special under carriage consists of a spreader augar to spread the concrete to level, the finishing cylinder to compact and finish the concrete to the grade.
Heavy Machinery
Heavy machineries are primary for the construction, maintenance and the development of huge infrastructures. Some of the heavy machineries that are required for the construction of buildings are :
Caterpillar
Caterpillar machines are those machines that are extensively used for the development, construction and maintenance of various infrastructure projects. Caterpillar incorporates within itself wide range of machines like loaders, excavators, dozers, backhoes etc. Working on different hydraulic principles caterpillars have engaged themselves in many small and big infrastructure projects since many years.
Applications Caterpillars has multiple usage it finds its application in the following fields : Building highways, airports and roads. Construction of dams, water and sewer systems. Constructing commercial buildings, housing developments, hospitals, schools and office building. Helps in mining and offshore drilling. Excavating, digging, small demolitions, landscaping and preparation of construction sites.
Cranes
Development depends on infrastructure and infrastructure on heavy machineries. Of all the heavy machines cranes acquire an important position as they are involved in the building and maintenance of huge projects. Crane machines are the huge tower like machineries having ropes meant to lift or to lower any heavy devices. Cranes are not permanent structure. In fact it is a temporary structure either fixed in the ground or mounted on certain vehicles. Cranes are operated either through cab operator or through infrared or radio signals. Applications Cranes are indispensable for the developments of heavy projects. Their high loadage capacity and easy operations has made them highly useful in following areas : Building of bridges Building of airports Building seaports Container lifting device in seaports Building of big multi storied structures In heavy industries etc.
Dozers
A dozer is a heavy, driver-operated machine for clearing and grading land, usually having continuous treads and a broad hydraulic blade in front. The function of the dozer is determined by the types of the blade it has used. Early dozers used pulleys and cables for the manipulation of the blades but modern dozer uses hydraulic system. Many modern dozers have a ripper claw with a hardened tungsten steel tip mounted on the end opposite the shovel. The ripper is used to break up compacted ground or paved areas. Based on the size, nature of work and the blades used, dozers are of following types : Bulldozer Scrape Dozers Applications Dozers finds their application in the following areas : Earthmoving Road construction Mining Military purpose Loading ores into hoppers at mines Lifting various materials Breaking pavements and compacted grounds
Dumpers
Dumper is a small diesel-powered vehicle used to carry loads and materials to the construction sites. It has a towing eye on its back end, to tow such things as a air compressor to run pneumatic drills. Using steel dumpers, heavy duty containers are handled easily. The starting handle is used to start the dumper manually. Tipping, loading, refueling and traveling are some of the factors which should be considered while starting the dumpers. Types of Dumper Based on the sizes, dumpers are of following types : Dumper Truks Crawlers Dumper Applications The main applications of dumpers are : Transporting materials to construction sites. They are used for trucking and transportation. They are helpful in manufacturing and production line. They are designed also to handle smaller items like plastics, metals, glass, rubber, plastics etc
Loaders
Loader, is a machine usually wheeled, that uses a wide tilting bucket on the end of movable arms to lift and move materials. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices depending on the nature of the work. For example buckets are sometimes replaced by clamshell or forks for doing certain tasks. Depending on the sizes and the nature of work to be performed, loaders can be classified as : Skid Steer Loader Telescopic Loader Backhoe Loader Wheel Loader Scraper Loader Crawler Loader Skip Loader
Articulated Haulers
An articulated hauler is one of the most versatile piece of equipment which is a transition between a tractor-trailer and an articulated loader. The strength of an articulated hauler lies in the coupling and drive systems. Power and drive sections moves independently of the load section due to the coupling system. The two sections are attached together through an oscillating system which allows the two units to move in a rolling motion around its centerline. Articulated haulers have good load carrying capacity and its body is wide and open to facilitate loading from excavators and wheel loaders. They are also very maneuverable to load from fixed loading facilities. Applications An articulated hauler is easy to operate machine. It is very useful in operating in rough terrain and is applicable in the following areas : Loading and unloading of materials. Bringing the materials to construction sites. Helpful in road construction. Helps in bringing materials for the construction of runways of airports. Useful in various landfill operations. Articulated haulers are also used to move large volumes of material without access to roads in earthmoving, quarrying, mining, forestry etc.
Chip Spreader
Roads once constructed needs constant repair as it is prone to wear and tear due to weather influence and rolling traffics. A chip spreader through chip sealing gives special protective wearing surface to an existing pavement. A chip spreader is a unique self-propelled machine for laying of precoated chipping surface treatments provides long-time conservation and maintenance of the roads. Thus for maintaining the quality and giving it a lasting effect, stone chipping is one of the most effective method which is done by chip spreader. Mechanical Operations Chip spreader is powered by diesel engine and has spread hopper of different size. An individual one foot power gates gives the variable hopper flexibility and increases productivity. Other equipments used by chip spreader are conveyor belts, container, hydrostatic drive, planetary axle etc. Before spreading chips, asphalt is mixed with water. This emulsified mixture is then applied to the road using a chip spreader or spray truck. As soon as the liquid asphalt meets the road surface, the water starts to evaporate. After this a layer of crushed gravel is applied by a spreader. Next, the gravel is compacted and embedded into the asphalt by rubber-tire rollers. Applications Chip spreader is one of the important machine for the maintenance of an infrastructure. Its other applications are : Chip spreader distributes different quantities of chips for optimum grip of asphalt layers evenly. Chip can be distributed directly behind the pavers.
Tower Crane
Tower cranes are one of the most important device that is used for the construction of huge buildings. They are a common fixture at any major construction site. They are used to lift steel, concrete, large tools like acetylene torches and generators, and a wide variety of other building materials. Mechanical Operations For the construction of tall buildings they are indispensable machine. The important components of the tower crane are horizontal boom, long and short arm, mounted cabin, lifting hook, etc. Across the top of the tower horizontal tower is balanced asymmetrically. Counterweight of the concrete block is balanced by short arm whereas long arm carries the lifting gear. The lifting hook of the crane is set into motion by the pulleys. The crane is operated by the operated either from the crane cabin, or from the ground using radio remote control. The boom which is mounted on slewing bearing is rotated by means of a slewing motor.
Applications Tower cranes are utilized for construction of various projects like : Sky scrapers Multistory buildings Convention centers Huge industrial projects etc
Paver Machine
Paver is a machine meant for laying pavement. Screed and tractor are main constituent machines of the paver. Lorry containing the materials and towing the screed is pushed forward by the tractor. The Paving machine receives the material from the lorry and place it with the correct dimensions onto the prepared surface forming a "mat". This mat is then compacted by various types of rollers.
The paving machines can be varied according to the requirements with the addition of new features including automatic level systems or integral spray system. These machines can be either mounted on wheels or on the tracks depending on the nature of the pavement pavers can be classified as follows : Asphalt Crawler Paver Asphalt Wheeled Paver Concrete Pavers
Road Rollers
Road roller is an important engineering vehicle that is considered necessary for the roads and highway constructions and is used for the compaction of dirt, gravel, concrete, and asphalt. In landfill compaction too, road roller has great utility. The size vary according to the usage. Its size vary from simple drum with a handle, to a size of many tonnes. Types of Rollers Based on their sizes rollers are of following types : Combinations Tandem Trench Applications The major utility of rollers lies in the following areas : Compaction of roads. Compaction of runways in airports. It also has utility in the landfill compaction. It is also used in the compaction of car parking areas, pavements etc.
Trenchers
Machines responsible for digging trenches are called trenchers. Available in different sizes it is applied in construction purposes, agricultural operations and laying of pipes. Based on the size and usage it can be categorized as chain trenchers, wheel or disc trenchers and bucket trenchers. Heavy-duty trenchers are riding units that can be used to dig very large trenches. With attachments like backhoes, saws and reel carriers. Trenchers becomes more versatile and efficient.
Construction Scrapers
Scraper is an important mechanical equipment that is used for excavating, digging and hauling of materials. Scraper is available in different sizes and configuration depending on the nature of the project. It is one of the most versatile equipment that performs different functions single handedly. Mechanical Operations Mechanics of scraper is simple. It is powered by either single engine or double engine. The push/pull arrangement for scraper has two twin-engine machines hooked up to help each other with loading. There are also elevating and auger configuration and open bowls. The construction scrapers have hydraulically operated bails and push blocks with hooks. During loading, the trailing scraper's bail snags the hook and holds the machines together. This push pull arrangement work efficiently without consuming much time. The single lever implement controls and combines the traditional three implement levers into one joystick. Auger scrapers help load granular material, laminated rock, and mud more easily, while elevating scrapers work alone for great economy on hauls with lower rolling resistance. It is because of this fact scrapers are highly useful in various projects. Applications Scrapers are applied in various fields like : It helps in preparing the ground for the new loads of solid waste that constantly arrive. Helps in preparing work at landfills. It digs, the site, loads, hauls and dumps the wastes materials and helps in preparing the sites for construction. It is also used in road construction etc.
Excavators
Excavators are multiple usage heavy engineering machines consisting of bucket, cab, backhoes and are placed on tracks or wheels. Often the buckets are replaced by an auger, handler, breaker or grapple as per demand and usage. Some of the excavators also have the small dozer blade which is attached to the under carriage, for pushing removed materials back into hole. Excavators are sometimes also called as 360 degree excavators. Types of Excavators Based on the size and the usage excavators are grouped into following categories : Cable Excavators Chain Excavators Material Handler Excavator Mining Excavators Wheeled Excavator Walking Excavators Hydraulic Excavator Industrial Excavators Mini Excavators Applications of Excavators Excavators have multiple usage. They find their application from big infrastructure to smaller projects. With their huge carriage capacities and high horse power they are used in the demolition of big buildings, digging of trenches, foundations and holes, lifting of heavy materials like cement blocks and pipes, landscaping and river dredging.
Motor Graders
A motor grader is a huge productive earth-moving apparatus which is used to level a surface. It is used for the leveling of roads and construction sites. The motor grader, apart from hauling road construction, is also responsible for the maintenance and soft grading of cell floor liners. On the basis of strength and the types of grades used in the motors, motor graders are classified as : Cat motor graders Brush less motor graders Rotor nut motor graders Mechanical Operations In design and applications motor grader differs from a simple grader. Motor grader functions on all the four wheels and can be operated from the center of the machine. At the ends it has a plow which stays close to the ground. It also has a different type of arm which can be used to pick up materials and move them to other places. Motor grader also has a blade which is situated under the cab to spread and push gravel. It has hydraulic controls that provide smooth, predictable response when the lever is moved. Motor graders are very useful while working on a project which requires dirt holes to be filled. Applications Motor graders finds its application in the following areas : Motor graders are used for the maintenance of public roads. They are also used in construction sites. In land filling applications motor graders has greater utility. They also find their applications in vacuum casting, forming and
weldings.
Soil Compactors
Soil compactors are those machines that are used for compacting soils in various construction projects like roads, highways and buildings. In soil compacting techniques, energy is applied to loose soil or other material which increases its density and consequently its load-bearing capacity. There are certain advantages of soil compacting which are as follows : Water seepage is minimized Contraction and swelling of soil is reduced to a certain extent. Prevents damage from frosts. Increases load bearing capacity. Types of Soil Compactors For different types of soils, different types of compactors are used. For example for thin layer of soils, static steel wheel and pneumatic rollers are used. For cohesive type of soils, impact machines like jumping jack rammers are applied. For granular soils and asphalt, plate compactors are applied. Plate compactors are vibratory compactor which depends upon frequency and amplitude. For soils with greater cohesive content, machines like vibratory rollers are used which is available in both single and dual drum models with either smooth or padfoot drums. Applications Soil compactor plays an important role in many infrastructure projects. They have their applications in the following areas : Soil compactors are useful for compaction in urban areas, roads and highways. They are also utilized for landfill and paving applications. Soil compactors are suitable for compacting mixed soils and cohesive soils in thin and medium layer thicknesses in large areas. They are also applied for landscaping and preparing sites for building construction. They have their great utility in compaction of soils and gravels in trenches, around retaining walls and or any other difficult job site.
Tracked Carriers
Tracked carriers are the multipurpose vehicles used to transport materials from one site to other. These tracked carriers are either dumpers or loaders or any other vehicles. The tracked carrier varies in size depending upon the task they have to perform. Since these carriers are mounted on the tracks they can function in every terrain. Many track carrier have hydrostatic transmissions and hydraulics due to which they can operated with ease even in the most demanding conditions. Applications Track carrier finds their applicability in the following areas : Transporting of materials to various building construction sites. Loading and unloading of material. Supply materials for roads and highway construction. Mulching residues regardless of material and size. Commercial land clearing. Commercial oil/gas industries etc.
Light Machinery
Light Machinery For the development of an infrastructure and manufacturing industries, light machineries play a pivotal role. The importance of these machinery lies in their applications. They are used in both small and big industries and also for the construction development and maintenance of big infrastructures. Some of the commonly used light machineries are :
Air Compressor
An air compressor is a light machine which is considered to be the central power source for all varieties of air tools. Air compressors reduces the volume of a gas while increasing the pressure and heat. The pressure and the heat so generated has many industrial and small infrastructural applications. There are two main sources of power for an air compressor-gasoline and electric supply. Gas powered air compressor are applied in those areas where there is no electric supply. Whereas electric powered air compressor are best suited to those enclosed areas where gas fumes are unacceptable. Types of Air Compressors On the basis of their construction air compressors are categorized as : Reciprocating Compressors Centrifugal Compressors Axial-flow Compressors Scroll Compressors Rotary Screw Compressors Advantages Tools of an air compressors are smaller and easier to use than electrically powered tools. Tools are smaller and easy to handle as there is no need for a power source on the tool itself. Due to higher torque and revolution per minute than electrically powered tools which allows the user to finish more quickly. An air compressor has a longer life than electrically powered tools. Applications The applications of air compressors are : In manufacturing industries Infrastructure construction and maintenance Water well drilling Mining Oil and gas production
Boring Machines
Boring machine is a device which is used for making holes of different diameters in equipments, heavy machines, building or earth for specific purpose. Boring machines produces bores in the shortest time and produce the highest possible surface finish and tolerances. There are different types of boring machines which includes vertical boring machines, horizontal boring machines, line boring machines, cylinder boring machines, tunnel boring machine, coupling boring machines and jig boring machines. These boring machines are used for different purpose. For example tunnel boring machines produces smooth tunnel wall after boring hard rocks and sands. On the other hand cylindrical boring machines bores engine cylinder in automobiles. Types of Boring Machines Depending upon the functions, Boring Machine is of two types : Vertical Boring Machine Horizontal Boring Machine
Concrete Cutter
Through concrete cutting, concrete is removed by sawing or drilling through skillful operations of concrete cutter. Available in different sizes and horse power modern concrete cutters are known for their attractive finishes which uses water to avoid dusts. The most common types of concrete cutting machines are core drilling, wall sawing and slab or flat sawing. Having hydraulic and pneumatic power and armed with petrol or diesel engine, valves, nylon filters, protective hoods, off-on chokes these cutters are applied for various purposes. Applications The main applications of concrete cutters are : Reinforced concrete asphalt precast and structural stone materials can be cut easily. It is used for sawing of concrete walls for enlarging doors, windows and other openings in concrete foundation. By using concrete cutter holes can be drilled for electrical purpose, plumbing, industrial decoratives etc. Using concrete cutter interior trenching is done for plumbing and electrical purposes. It is used for the removal and cutting of concrete floors, walkways, stairs and masonry walls. It is also used for the cutting of joints for traffic induction loop and asphalt or concrete pavements during road or general repair jobs.
Jaw Crusher
Heavy rocks, stones and other minerals need to be crushed before they are used in any infrastructural projects. Jaw crusher, crush heavy rocks to minimal size and make them ready for the construction process. Jaw crushers, depending upon the nature of the work varies in size. Mechanical Operatons Pitman is the main component of jaw crusher which forms the moving side of the jaw, while the stationary or fixed jaw forms the other. Jaw crusher moves through the eccentric machining of the flywheel shaft. The back and forth movement of the top of the pitman is nearly one and a half inches. Due to this, tremendous force is provided to each stroke. The jaw crusher pitman is covered with dies made of manganese, on the inward facing side The fixed jaw face is also covered with a manganese jaw die. Jaw crusher rotates through sheave pulley having multiple v-belt grooves. As per requirement of the material being crushed by the jaw materials of different sizes may be required. This is achieved by adjusting the opening at the bottom of the jaw.
Hydraulic Breakers
Hydraulic breakers are powerful, productive machines used to break a variety of materials. Depending upon the job to be done, the breaker chosen may be light, medium or heavy. For use, these breakers are to be mounted on some equipment such as backhoes, excavators etc. Here, these equipment are called Carriers. Mechanical Operations Except lightweight breakers, it is difficult to operate other breakers by hand as the vibrations transmitted to the operator are very strong and unbearable. The size of the breaker must match the size of the carrier. The compatibility of a carrier and a breaker also depends upon the volume of oil that the carrier can supply and the pressure. For mounting a breaker hydraulic-installation kit is used which gets oil flow to the breaker and then brings it back to the machine. In modern construction industry, a lot of pin-grabbing, quickcoupler attachments are used on carriers. Quick couplers are clamping devices that grabs the pins on the top of any attachment. It has the advantage of hooking up to a variety of attachments without needing to constantly take out and reposition pins. Though the match between breaker and a carrier is essential, it is also important that the breaker be used appropriately in order for it to perform as intended.
Mini Digger
Mini digger is a small inexpensive machines suitable for light excavation and digging. Mounted on wheel or tracks it is machine of great utility. With cab, arms and buckets it can do multipurpose jobs. It is easy to handle and has high loading height. Applications The popular application of mini diggers are : Light digging where bigger backhoes are not necessary. Useful in light constructions. Land clearing and lifting of smaller loads etc
Mini Excavators
An excavator is an engineering vehicle consisting of a backhoe and cab mounted on top and is used for various smaller and major civil engineering projects. It is either mounted on tracks or wheels. A mini excavator or small compact excavator is ideal for landscapers, rental yards, general contractors or for any jobs that require a high level of production in confined spaces. Mechanical Operations Mini excavator consists of cab having operator's compartment, engine compartment and hydraulic pump. Through swing bearing, house structure is able to attach itself over the undercarriage which helps it to rotate due to hydraulic distribution valve which supplies oil to the undercarriage components. The other components of the mini excavators are boom dipper or arm, and attachment like bucket, auger etc. They are attached to the excavator through swing frame which allows them to move left and right. The backfill blade that is used for digging is connected to excavator's undercarriage. Applications Mini excavators are mainly applied in the following areas : Landscaping for various constructions. Remove concrete from roads, bridges, walls, floors, driveways, inside buildings. Light demolitions. Construction of roads and small buildings. Street repairs, drainage ditches, and repairs on water and sewer lines. Dig trenches for conduit. Dig test holes and remove contaminated soil.