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1 1
C
8
5
1kg
Steam
7 6
4
5
2 3
External Irreversibility-2
3 f
Cooling water
A B
7.135 506.53 C
735.8 310.0 B C B C
2.154 M
0.701 M 0.018 M
0.043 M
0.946 M
1.251 M
0.057 M
0.078 M
0382 M
0.382
0.078
P=210.061 MW 14.970 M
740.70
61.067 352.2
40.57
7.135 34.520
40.57
740.70
572.156
61.067 350.4
34.700 423.0
46.45
B D 46.1 46.4
34.520 309.4
6.564 735.8
16.70 34.700
789.9 424.5
38.54
0.8616 642.9
0.000 M
0.4143 619.8
205.5
47.0
0.0 K
2.8 K
748.8 H
0.0 K
19.38
46.7
509.028 46.3
256.21
639.314 247.0
509.026 120.8
6.0 K
121.3
12.0K
172.0
95.766 170.0
124.0
26.299 123.8
95.0
43.183 95.0
76.2
63.693 76.3
99.9
6.414 639.314
162.1 160.7
HEAT RATE=1985.05 K CAL/KW 92.4 Radiation losses are Ignored KCAL/KG T/HR CEL 509.026 92.2 509.026 72.7 72.6
63.693 58.8
0.299 99.9
58.8
0.3783 m3/ kg
Exit at higher velocity
12.65 m3/ kg Location of condensation process in a Low pressure steam turbine (Source Alstom ) Moisture Loss
4
For example, a long, full speed rotor blade, operating in a non-reheat cycle, may involve wetness levels of about 15% at exhaust.
Without suitable counter-measures this can result in extreme tip-erosion (illustrated in Fig).
In principle, a divergence in the thermal behaviour between a working fluid and a source or sink can be counteracted by using complex cycle configurations such as evaporation at multiple pressure levels in modern combined cycles or condensation at 2 or 3 decreasing temperatures in cogenerative systems.
100
The condenser pressure can be much higher in two component fluid cycle, and the cooling water temperatures do not impact the power output of the turbine . Thermo-physical properties of mixture can also be altered by changing the concentration of one component. This helps to recuperate or regenerate energy in the condensation system. Modifications to the condensing system are also possible by varying the mixture concentration and thus more energy can be recovered from the exhaust gases. Expansion in turbine can give a saturated vapor in two component fluid cycle compared to wet steam. Conventional equipment such as steam turbines can be used in two component fluid cycle.
Brief History
The technology is the creation of Dr. Alexander Kalina, a Russian scientist. He left a high position in Soviet Union 30 years ago to come to US. Formed Exergy Inc. to develop and commercialize an advanced Thermodynamic Cycle. 1993, General Electric signed an agreement with Exergy for a world wide exclusive licensing rights to use the technology for combined cycle systems in 50 MW to 150 MW range. GE and Exergy working on a combined cycle plant that will operate on an overall efficiency of 62%.
Vaporizer
The heat transfer rate QV (W) between the source and the working fluid is calculated by
Optimization
In this case, efficiency of the cycle is considered as the objective function to be optimized. The Ammonia water cycle has four variables. Fraction of ammonia (x) Turbine inlet pressure (P3) Heat source inlet temperature T1S Heat source outlet temperature T3S. The cycle performance depends on the values for these four variables that are free to change during optimization. Each combination of the eight values represents a unique operating condition of the cycle. Searching for optimum values for these variables are the task of this optimization work. Consequently, the objective function to be maximized can be written as,
The objective function is solved with the help of most power full optimization methodology Monte Carlo.
h2 h3 cycle h2 h1
Effect of variation in fraction of ammonia at the evaporator inlet on first law efficiency
Condenser pressure in the Ammonia water cycle largely depends on cooling water inlet temperature and fraction of Ammonia in the Ammonia water mixture. For the same cooling water inlet temperature, decreasing the Ammonia mass fraction at the condenser inlet will reduce the condenser pressure and it will leads to larger expansion process in the turbine and hence more power output and higher efficiency
Effect of variation in fraction of ammonia at the evaporator inlet on first law efficiency
The following modifications are suggested for the proposed Ammonia water cycle when compared to KCS 34. 1.Super heater is added in the cycle to utilize the superheated steam at low temperature and pressure. The saturated vapor from the separator is superheated in the super heater before entering the steam turbine. 2.The additional feed water is included in the system, which utilize the sensible heat of low grade to heat the sub-cooled water coming it from the condenser of an Ammonia water cycle