Perception

Definition,Nature, importance
Factors influencing perception Perceptual process

Perceptual organization
Perceptual errors Ref : OB, S.P.Robbins

 We Dont See Things As They Are, We See Things As We Are.

5-8

Seeing is Believing?

5-9

5-10

What is Perception?

A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

5-11

Nature of perception:

Is a complex cognitive process Information is selected, cognitively organizes the perceived information in a specific fashion, and then interpreted.

Is a subjective process.

Factors that Influence Perception

Characteristics of the perceiver 1. Familiarity 2. Attitudes 3. Moods 4. self-concept 5. Cognitive structure

Characteristics of the target 1. Physical appearance 2.Verbal communication 3. Non verbal cues 4. Intentions

Perception
Characteristics of the situation 1. Context of the interaction 2. Strength of situational cues

Basic Elements in the Perceptual Process

Environmental Stimuli
Could be objects or people or events in the immediate environment

Observation
* Taste * Hearing * Touch * Smell * Sight

Perceptual Selection
External factors Size Intensity Contrast Motion Repetition Novelty Familiarity Internal factors Personality Learning Motivation

Perceptual Organization
Perceptual grouping Continuity Proximity Closure Similarity

Interpretation
Perceptual errors Perceptual defense Stereotyping Halo effect Projection
Attributions Internal vs external causes Causes for success and failure

Response
Covert Attitudes motivations Overt Behavior Feelings

Size

15

Organizational Behavior / Perception

Size: Is the left centre circle big ?

Intensity (Airtel)

Contrast

18

Organizational Behavior / Perception

Motion

Perceptual organization

Process by which people group environmental stimuli into recognizable pattern Forms of perceptual organization: Figure ground principle Perceptual grouping

Closure Continuity Proximity Similarity

Perceptual constancy Perceptual context

1. Figure- ground principle: perceived objects

is viewed as separate from the background

Organizational Behavior /

22

5-23

Perceptual Grouping - Closure

Proximity

Similarity

5-27

Perceptual constancy: (higher form of perceptual organization)

Attributing

some constant and repeatable characteristics to events and people and objects. the senses, the size ,color& the characteristics of the object remains constant.

Irrespective of the information received by

Ex. An apple in different colors & context A CA Person hired in organization A, B, C

Perceptual context: ( highest form of perceptual organization)

Ex. Within an organization, a piece of information communicated in the form of a circular, a notice, a suggestion, a pat on the back, a smile, a raised eyebrow, will acquire a special meaning and added value when placed in the context of the work organization.

Only great minds can read this

fi yuo cna raed tihs, yuo hvae a sgtrane mnid too Cna yuo raed tihs? Olny 55 plepoe out of 100 can.

i cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno't mtaetr in waht oerdr the ltteres in a wrod are, the olny iproamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whotuit a pboerlm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Azanmig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!

Attribution Theory: Judging Others

Our perception and judgment of others is significantly influenced by our assumptions of the other persons internal state.

When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.

Internal causes are under that persons control External causes are not person forced to act in that way

Causation judged through:

Distinctiveness

Shows different behaviors in different situations.

Consensus

Response is the same as others to same situation.

Responds in the same way over time.

Consistency

5-31

Elements of Attribution Theory

5-32

Errors and Biases in Attributions

Fundamental Attribution Error

Self-Serving Bias

5-33

Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others

Selective Perception Halo Effect

Contrast Effects

5-34

Another Shortcut: Stereotyping

Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that person belongs a prevalent and often useful, if not always accurate, generalization
Profiling

5-36

Specific Shortcut Applications in Organizations

Employment Interview

Performance Expectations

Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect):

Performance Evaluations

5-37