CONTENTS

10-1 Active sentences and passive sentences 10-2 Form of the passive 10-3 Transitive and intransitive verbs 10-4 Using the by-phrase 10-5 The passive forms of the present and past progressive 10-6 Passive modal auxiliaries 10-7 Using past participles as adjectives (stative passive) 10-8 Participial adjectives: -ed vs. -ing 10-9 Get + adjective; get + past participle 10-10 Using be used/accustomed to and get 10-11 Used to vs. be used to 10-12 Using be supposed to
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10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES

The chair is being made by the carpenter.

10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES

(a) ACTIVE: The carpenter sanded the wood.

same meaning
(b) PASSIVE: The wood was sanded by the carpenter.
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10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES

ACTIVE:

S O (c) Carol sold the house.

PASSIVE:

by + O S (d) The house was sold by Carol. object of active subject of active subject of passive object of by
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10-2 FORM OF THE PASSIVE

Fuel is burned by cars

10-2 FORM OF THE PASSIVE

BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

(a) Coffee

is

grown

by farmers.

(b) The raise was

given

by the boss.
by Alex.

(c) The photo will be printed

10-2 FORM OF THE PASSIVE

SIMPLE PRESENT

Cars burn fuel. Fuel is burned by cars. The raise thrilled Ben. Ben was thrilled by the raise. Al has printed the photo. The photo has been printed by Al. New cars will save fuel. Fuel will be saved by cars.
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SIMPLE PAST

PRESENT PERFECT

FUTURE

10-1, 10-2 LETS PRACTICE

ACTIVE

The squirrel gathered the nuts.

PASSIVE

The nuts were gathered by the squirrel.

10-1, 10-2 LETS PRACTICE

ACTIVE

Matthew painted the wall.

PASSIVE

The wall was painted by Matthew.

10-1, 10-2 LETS PRACTICE

ACTIVE

The voters will determine the election results.

PASSIVE

The election results will be determined by the voters.

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10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

Erica sneezed.

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10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

(a) TRANSITIVE Janet They

S
S V O

earned saw
V

the promotion. the accident.

(b) INTRANSITIVE

A problem occurred. They arrived late.

TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE

verb + object

verb + object
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10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

(c) TRANSITIVE VERBS

Janet earned the promotion. PASSIVE: The promotion was earned by Janet.
ACTIVE:

(d) INTRANSITIVE VERBS ACTIVE: Birds fly. PASSIVE: (not possible) (e) INCORRECT: Birds are fly.

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10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

(c) TRANSITIVE VERBS

Janet earned the promotion. PASSIVE: The promotion was earned by Janet.
ACTIVE:

(d) INTRANSITIVE VERBS ACTIVE: Birds fly. PASSIVE: (not possible) transitive verbs intransitive verbs passive okay no passive
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10-3 LETS PRACTICE

transitive intransitive

It rained yesterday.

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10-3 LETS PRACTICE

transitive intransitive

Eva won a medal.

A medal was won by Eva. PASSIVE: _______________________

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10-3 LETS PRACTICE

transitive intransitive

Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web.

PASSIVE: _______________________ The World Wide Web was

invented by Tim Berners-Lee. _______________________

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10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE

This painting was done by my mother.

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10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE

(a) This desk was made by Manuel.

by phrase

important information

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10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE

(b) This desk was made in Taiwan. (c) Corn is eaten in many places. (d) That apartment was built in 2007. (e) Spanish is spoken in many countries.
usually NO by-phrase

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10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE

ACTIVE

(f) My mother is a great artist. She painted many beautiful portraits.

PASSIVE

(g) This painting was done by my mother. That one was done by her friend. focus by-phrase my mother focus on subjects
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10-4 LETS PRACTICE

ACTIVE
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.

PASSIVE Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

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10-4 LETS PRACTICE

ACTIVE
Many students use computers.

PASSIVE
Computers are used by many students.

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10-4 LETS PRACTICE

ACTIVE
Tina taught me how to knit.

PASSIVE
I was taught to knit by Tina.

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10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

A photo is being taken by Elton.

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10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

He is taking photos.

(a) Photos are being taken by him.

She is writing a book. (b) A book is being written by her.

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10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

He is taking photos.

(a) Photos are being taken by him.

She is writing a book. (b) A book is being written by her. present progressive: passive form am + being + past participle is are
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10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

He was taking photos.

(c) Photos were being taken by him. She was writing a book. (d) A book was being written by her. past progressive: passive form was were

+ being + past participle

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10-5 LETS PRACTICE

ACTIVE
Two great teams are playing hockey.

PASSIVE
Hockey is being played by two great teams.

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10-5 LETS PRACTICE

ACTIVE
Someone was building a guest house in Bhutan.

PASSIVE
A guest house was being built in Bhutan.

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10-5 LETS PRACTICE

ACTIVE
Alan is studying the memo.

PASSIVE
The memo is being studied by Alan.

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10-6 PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES

Lin will e-mail you.

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10-6 PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES

ACTIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES

PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES

Lin will send it. Lin can send it. Lin must send it. Lin may send it.

It will be sent by Lin. It can be sent by Lin. It must be sent by Lin. It may be sent by Lin.

FORM: modal + be + past participle

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10-6 LETS PRACTICE

ACTIVE MODALS

Someone must mow the grass today.

PASSIVE MODALS

must be mowed today This grass __________________.

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10-6 LETS PRACTICE

ACTIVE MODALS

You should not feed candy to babies.

PASSIVE MODALS

should not be fed candy Babies _____________________.

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10-6 LETS PRACTICE

ACTIVE MODALS

People cannot control hurricanes.

PASSIVE MODALS

Hurricanes cannot be controlled. __________________________

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10-7 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES (STATIVE PASSIVE)

Lily is pleased with her life.

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10-7 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES (STATIVE PASSIVE)

BE + ADJECTIVE

(a) Lily is (b) Lily is (c) Lily is (d) Lily is (e) Lily is (f) Lily is

brave. short. healthy. divorced. excited. pleased.

BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

like an adjective

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10-7 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES (STATIVE PASSIVE)

(g) Lily is divorced from Jack. (h) Lily was happy with her career. (i) Lily will be excited for the trip.
past particular participle + prepositions + object

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10-7 LETS PRACTICE

married

Jenny is __________ married to Grant.

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10-7 LETS PRACTICE

happy

happy with her new laptop. Alma is __________

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10-7 LETS PRACTICE

young

Abe is 17. young for He seems ____________ his age.

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10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING

Emma makes pottery. I am interested in making pottery.

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10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING

(a) I am interested in pottery.

INCORRECT: I am interesting in pottery.

(b) Pottery is interesting.

INCORRECT: Pottery is interested.

past participle

feelings

present participle

cause of feeling
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10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING

Ben was thrilled with the promotion. (c) Ben was thrilled. (d) The promotion was thrilling.
past participle present participle passive meaning cause of feeling

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10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING

(e) I heard some disappointing news. (f) Jill read the shortened version of the book.
participial adjectives

nouns

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10-8 LETS PRACTICE

surprised surprising
Gail Gwen

surprising Gwens news must be __________. surprised Gail looks very __________.
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10-8 LETS PRACTICE

amazed amazing

amazing The Great Wall is ________.

Most people are truly ________ amazed when they first see it.
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10-8 LETS PRACTICE

Some bugs are scary. terrifying This spider is ________!

terrified terrifying

I wonder if it is ________ terrified of anything?

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10-9 GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE

People often get thirsty when they exercise.

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10-9 GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE

GET + ADJECTIVE

(a) I am getting thirsty. (b) Fahad got angry at him.

GET ADJECTIVE

change, beginning to be
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10-9 GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE

GET + PAST PARTICIPLE

(c) Im getting worried. (d) My friend and his wife got divorced.
GET PAST PARTICIPLE

like an adjective, describes subject

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10-9 LETS PRACTICE

get + sleep

got sleepy while he was working. He ___________

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10-9 LETS PRACTICE

get + frustrated

is getting frustrated with his work. He _________________

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10-9 LETS PRACTICE

get + cold

got cold early this year. It ________

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10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO

We are used to driving in traffic.

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10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO

(a) We are used to this city.

same meaning

(b) We are accustomed to this city.

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10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO

(c) We are used to living in this city. (d) We are accustomed to living in this city. to + -ing form
(gerund)

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10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO

(e) I just moved to Athens, Greece. I have never lived in this city before, but I am getting used to (accustomed to) it. beginning to feel normal

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10-10 LETS PRACTICE

be used to
(affirmative or negative)

I always go to the beach. I __________ am used to the sand and sea.

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10-10 LETS PRACTICE

be used to
(affirmative or negative)

Im confused. I _____________ am not used to this new computer.

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10-10 LETS PRACTICE

be used to
(affirmative or negative)

Maybe Ill call Eva. She is _____________ used to this type of computer.

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10-11 USED TO vs. BE USED TO

He used to eat meat, but now he is a vegetarian.

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10-11 USED TO vs. BE USED TO

(a) He used to eat meat, but now he is a vegetarian. INCORRECT: He used to be eating meat. INCORRECT: He is used to eat meat. habitual past
used to + simple form of verb
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10-11 USED TO vs. BE USED TO

(b) He is used to eating meat.

be used to + -ing form of verb
(gerund)

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10-11 LETS PRACTICE

be When I was young, I often went skiing. I ____ was used to skiing back then.

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10-11 LETS PRACTICE

be

I _____ used to like skiing, but now I prefer snowboarding.

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10-11 LETS PRACTICE

be

am used to snowboarding. Now, I ____

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10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO

You were supposed to clean out the garage this morning.

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10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO

(a) The flight is supposed to leave in 10 minutes. I expect the flight to leave in 10 minutes.

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10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO

(a) The flight is supposed to leave in 10 minutes. (b) I am supposed to write to Jim. an expectation

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10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO

(c) The flight was supposed to leave at 4:30.

expected event didnt occur

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10-12 LETS PRACTICE

be supposed to

I expect to get email today .

am supposed to get email today. I ______________

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10-12 LETS PRACTICE

be supposed to

They were expected to arrive on May 4, but they came on May 6.

They _______________ were supposed to arrive on May 6.

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10-12 LETS PRACTICE

be supposed to
I expected you to call me at noon! were You ______ supposed to ___________ call me at noon!

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