Beruflich Dokumente
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g sample mass
g solute mass
3
10
) (
) (
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g sample mass
g solute mass
6
10
) (
) (
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g sample mass
g solute mass
9
10
) (
) (
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g sample mass
g solute mass
12
10
) (
) (
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g sample mass
g solute mass
ppt = parts per thousand
ppt = parts per trillion
ppt = parts per billion
ppt = parts per million
percent
This scale is useful for solids or solutions.
Concentration scales (cont.)
Weight / volume (w/v) basis
% (w/v) =
ppt (w/v) =
ppm (w/v) =
ppb (w/v) =
ppt (w/v) =
2
10
) ( .
) (
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mL sample vol
g solute mass
3
10
) ( .
) (
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mL sample vol
g solute mass
6
10
) ( .
) (
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mL sample vol
g solute mass
9
10
) ( .
) (
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mL sample vol
g solute mass
12
10
) ( .
) (
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mL sample vol
g solute mass
ppt = parts per thousand
ppt = parts per trillion
ppt = parts per billion
ppt = parts per million
percent
Concentration scales (cont.)
Volume / volume (v/v) basis
% (v/v) =
ppt (v/v) =
ppm (v/v) =
ppb (v/v) =
ppt (v/v) =
2
10
) ( .
) ( .
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mL sample vol
mL solute vol
3
10
) ( .
) ( .
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mL sample vol
mL solute vol
6
10
) ( .
) ( .
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mL sample vol
mL solute vol
9
10
) ( .
) ( .
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mL sample vol
mL solute vol
12
10
) ( .
) ( .
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\
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mL sample vol
mL solute vol
ppt = parts per thousand
ppt = parts per trillion
ppt = parts per billion
ppt = parts per million
percent
Concentration examples
Concentrated HCl
Alcoholic beverage
Color indicator for
titrations
) / ( % 0 . 37 10
0 . 100
0 . 37
2
w w
solution g
HCl g
=
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) / ( % 4 . 10 10
5 . 38
00 . 4
2
2 3
v v
beverage mL
OH CH CH mL
=
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) / ( % 10 . 0 10
0 . 50
050 . 0
2
v w
solution mL
alein phenolphth g
=
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.
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Concentration example: %(w:v)
What is the concentration, on a %(w:v) basis, of vanadium
in a solution that contains 281.5 mg/L of vanadium?
) : ( % 10 815 . 2 ) : ( % 02815 . 0
10
1000
1
1000
1 5 . 281
) : ( %
2
2
v w x or v w
mL
L
V mg
V g
L
V mg
v w
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=
2
10
) ( .
) (
) : ( %
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=
mL sample vol
g solute mass
v w
Concentration scales (cont.)
Parts per million, billion, trillion are very often used to
denote concentrations of aqueous solutions:
L
g
solution L
solution mL
solution mL
solution g
g
g
solution g
solute g
ppb
1
1
1000
1
1
1
10
10
1
1
6
9
=
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=
L
ng
solution L
solution mL
solution mL
solution g
g
ng
solution g
solute g
ppt 1
1
1000
1
1
1
10
10
1
1
9
9
=
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=
L
mg
solution L
solution mL
solution mL
solution g
g
mg
solution g
solute g
ppm 1
1
1000
1
1
1
10
10
1
1
3
6
=
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=
Note: ppt = parts per trillion
Concentration scales (cont.)
It is important to memorize:
1 part per million (ppm) = 1 mg / L
1 part per billion (ppb) = 1 g / L
1 part per trillion (ppt) = 1 ng / L
Concentration examples
Conversion of molarity to ppm
Solution of 0.02500 M K
2
SO
4
ppm
L
SO K mg
g
mg
SO K mol
SO K g
L
SO K mol
4356
4356
1000 26 . 174 02500 . 0
4 2
4 2
4 2 4 2
=
=
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Concentration examples
What is concentration (in ppm) of K
+
in this solution?
Solution of 0.02500 M K
2
SO
4
ppm
L
K mg
g
mg
K mol
g
SO K mol
K mol
L
SO K mol
1955
1955
1000 10 . 39
1
2 02500 . 0
4 2
4 2
=
=
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+
+
+
Concentration-dilution formula
A very versatile formula that you
absolutely must know how to use
C
1
V
1
= C
2
V
2
where C = conc.; V = volume
M
1
V
1
= M
2
V
2
where M = molarity
C
conc
V
conc
= C
dil
V
dil
where conc refers to the more concentrated solution
and dil refers to the more dilute solution. Note that
you can use any units you want for conc. and vol. as
long as they are the same on both sides of the
equation.
Concentration-dilution formula example
Problem: You have available 12.0 M HCl (conc. HCl) and
wish to prepare 0.500 L of 0.750 M HCl for use in an
experiment. How do you prepare such a solution?
C
conc
V
conc
= C
dil
V
dil
Write down what you know and what you dont know:
Concentration-dilution formula example
Problem: You have available 12.0 M HCl (conc. HCl) and
wish to prepare 0.500 L of 0.750 M HCl for use in an
experiment. How do you prepare such a solution?
C
conc
V
conc
= C
dil
V
dil
C
conc
= 12.0 mol L
-1
C
dil
= 0.750 mol L
-1
V
conc
= ? V
dil
= 0.500 L
V
conc
= (C
dil
)(V
dil
) / C
conc
V
conc
= (0.750 mol L
-1
) (0.500 L) / 12.0 mol L
-1
V
conc
= 3.12 x 10
-2
L = 31.2 mL
Concentration-dilution formula example
Great! So how do you prepare this solution of 0.750 M HCl?
1. Use a pipet or graduated cylinder to measure exactly
31.2 mL of 12.0 M
2. Transfer the 31.2 mL of 12.0 M HCl to a 500.0 mL
volumetric flask
3. Gradually add deionized water to the volumetric flask
and swirl to mix the solution
4. As the solution gets close to the 500.0 mL graduation on
the flask, use a dropper or squeeze bottle to add water
to the mark
5. Put the stopper on the flask and invert ~20 times to mix