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Measurements and Calculation

Chapter 2 Sections 2 and 3

Units of Measurements using SI

We

use measurements to represent quantities. A quantity is something that has magnitude, size or amount. Systeme International de Unites, abbreviated SI, is the single measurement system upon which scientist have agreed. will need to know the base units and prefixes on the following 2 slides. They must be memorized!!!

Le

You

Units of Measurement SI Measurements

Quantity length mass time Temperature Amount of Substance Symbol l m t T n Unit name meter kilogram second Kelvin mole Unit abbreviation m kg s K mol

Prefixes for Base Units

Prefix GigaMegaKiloAbbrev G M k Factor 109 106 103 Meaning 1 000 000 000 1 000 000 1000 Ratio 1000000000meters/ 1Gigameter 1000000 meters/1Megameter 1000meters/ 1kilometer

BASE
DeciCentiMillid c m

100
10-1 10-2 10-3

1
1/10 1/100 1/1000 1meter/ 10decimeters 1meter/ 100centimeters 1meter/1000millimet ers

Mass
What it is-- A measure

of the quantity of matter.

What it isnt-- Weight

(the measure of gravitational pull on

matter)

The

SI unit for mass is kilogram but the base unit is actually the gram

Length
A measure
SI

of distance

unit for length for meter but kilometer is used for longer lengths/distances

What unit would you use to + measure the length and mass of these items----

Derived Units
Formed by combining SI base units through multiplying or dividing standard units

Quantity
Volume Density Molar Mass

Quantity Symbol
V D M

Unit
Cubic meter Grams per ml Grams per mole

Unit Abbr.
m3 g/ml g/mol

Derivation
length X width X height mass/volume mass/amount of substance

Density Triangle

Volume
The

amount of space occupied by an object.

We

use liter and milliliter for volume, which are actually non-SI units

1milliliter

is equivalent (and interchangeable)

for 1 cm3

Density
Density
It

is a measure of compactness

is the ratio of mass to volume or mass divided by volume

Density of Pennies Lab

Page
Write Dont

39
in lab book forget discussion ?????

Practice Density Problems

pp.

39-40

Use

density triangle to solve problems on page 40 and TURN IN!!!

Conversion Factors
Conversion

factor is a ratio derived from the equality between two different units that can be used to convert from one unit to the other.

Conversion Factor Problems

Sample

and Practice Problems pp. 41-42

Section

Review p. 42

Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy refers to the closeness of measurements to the correct or accepted value of the quantity measured
Precision refers to the closeness of a set of measurement to the same quantity made in the same way

Percentage Error
Calculated by subtracting the accepted (theoretical) value from the experimental value, dividing the difference by the accepted (theoretical), and then multiplying by 100.

Sample Problems p. 45

Significant Figures

Simplified Rules:
All nonzero digits are significant Captive zeros are ALWAYS significant

Leading zeros are NEVER significant

Trailing zeros are significant IF there is a decimal

Significant Figures

How many significant figures are there in the following:

10.0005 g ______

0.003423 mm ______
2900 ft ______ 2900.0 ft ______

Scientific Notation
Numbers

are written in the form M X 10n, where the factor M is a number greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10 and n is a whole number.

Using a Calculator for Scientific Notation

When we use a calculator for scientific notation we use the 2ND function button and the , button above the 7.

Practice problems 5.3 X 103 / 3.2 X 10-4 1.24 X 10-6 * 1.34 X 104

Direct and Inverse Proportions

Honors Only

Two quantities are directly proportional to each other if dividing one by the other gives a constant value.

y/x = k

Two quantities are inversely proportional to each other if their product is a constant.

y = kx
The value of k is a constant