Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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GSM
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Important Principles and Technologies of GSM
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OBJECTIVES
To be aware of the developments of cellular mobile technology To understand the entities that made up GSM Mobile System To know the principles and services that make up GSM
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MOBILE COMMUNICATION
One of the fastest growing and most demanding of all telecommunications technologies.
Mobile communication existed half a century ago, but it was in the 1980s that it was really developed. The main goal of mobile communication is to realize communication among any objects at any time, and in any place.
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STAGE
Analog Mobile Telephone System Digital Mobile Communication System International Mobile Telephony 2000
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AMPS
Advance Mobile Phone System: used in 800 MHz, started in 1983
TACS
Total Access Communication System: used in 900 MHz started in 1985
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SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM (1) DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 1. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA) 2. NARROW BAND CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (N-CDMA)
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PDC
- Personal Digital Cellular: used in 1900 MHz, started in 1994
GSM
- Global Systems for Mobile Communications: used in 900 MHz, started in 1991
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GSM 1900
Personal Communication System: used in 1900 MHz, started in 1995
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INTRODUCTION TO GSM
WHAT IS GSM?
GROUP SPECIAL MOBILE
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INTRODUCTION TO GSM
Why was there a need to develop a cellular standard?
Incompatibility among existing cellular systems which were mostly analog Spectrum Efficiency International roaming capability Low mobile and Station Cost Good subjective voice quality Ability to support new services
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1. Spectrum Efficiency
2. Capacity 3. Strong Anti-Interference Capability
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2 Mb/s
384 Kb/s
160 Kb/s 64 Kb/s 9.6 Kb/s
Technology CS data - SMS, 9.6Kbits/s HSCSD GPRS EDGE IMT 2000 1997 ZTE University 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 www.univ.zte.com.cn
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GSM SYSTEM
NETWORK DIAGRAM
MS
MS
(Mobile Station)
BTS
MSC
NSS
HLR AuC
OMC
EIR
NMC
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GSM SYSTEM
LOGICAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION
Um Abis BSC BTS MSC/VLR/GMSC A
TRAU
HLR/AUC
BTS
Qx
EIR OMC
BTS
NSMU FSMU TRAU
SMC
MSC/VLR/GMSC
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GSM SYSTEM
GSM NETWORK ENTITIES
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BSS: Base Station Subsystem BSC: Base Station Controller BTS: Base Transceiver Station MSC:Mobile Services Switching Center OMC:Operation and Maintenance Center AUC:Authentication Center EIR:Equipment Identification Register
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GSM SYSTEM
GSM NETWORK ENTITIES
HLR:Home Location Register VLR:Visitor Location Register MS:Mobile Station ISDN:Integrated Services Digital Network PSTN:Public Switched Telephone Network PSPDN:Packet Switched Public DataNetwork PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
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GSM SYSTEM
MOBILE STATION (MS)
Mobile stations are not fixed to one subscriber MS comprises of the following:
1. Mobile Equipment 2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Personal Identification Number (PIN) is used to prevent unauthorized use of SIM Card
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GSM SYSTEM
MOBILE STATION (MS)
Mobile Equipment
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SIM
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GSM SYSTEM
MOBILE STATION IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS
International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI)
Consists of GSM Type permission code and related manufacturer product number
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GSM SYSTEM
NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)
Performs the following main functions:
Switching functions Database functions Mobility Management Safety Management
Manages communication among GSM Mobile subscribers and other communication network subscribers
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GSM SYSTEM
NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)
Network Switching Subsystem
F C A
MSC
EIR
VLR
B C
MSC
VLR
GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
SIX FUNCTIONAL UNITS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
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Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC) Home location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentification Center (AUC) Equipment Identification Register (EIR) Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
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GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
MOBILE SERVICES SWITCHING CENTER (MSC) The core of GSM Network which provides switching functions Connects mobile subscribers with fixed network subscribers or with other mobile subscribers Provides interfaces to other communication networks and interconnection with other MSCs
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GSM SYSTEM
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF MSC
MSC obtains all the data for processing subscriber call requests from 3 types of databases (HLR, VLR and AUC). Series of services provided by MSC:
1. TELECOM SERVICES eg. Telephony, fax, emergency call, etc 2. SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES eg. Call forwarding, call barring, etc. 3. BEARER SERVICES eg. Security and authentication, etc.
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GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR) Dynamic subscriber database
Stores all related information of mobile subscribers entering the MSC Service Area Obtains and stores necessary data from the HLR of a mobile subscriber
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GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR)
Central Database of GSM System Stores all related data of a mobile subscribers controlled by the same HLR Important Static Data:
IMSI, Access capability, subscriber type, and Supplementary services
HLR also stores and provides MSC(A) with (dynamic) information of the MSC(B) area into which a mobile station has roamed, so that any incoming call is immediately sent to the called subscriber on a selected path.
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GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
AUTHENTICATION CENTER (AUC) Functional unit of HLR which is especially used for security management of the GSM System Stores authentication information and encryption keys for:
Subscriber authentication Encryption of voice, data, signaling messages on radio interfaces
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GSM SYSTEM
NSS ARCHITECTURE
EQUIPMENT IDENTIFCATION REGISTER (EIR) Stores International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI) of mobile equipment
3 Types of List:
1. WHITE Authorized Mobile Equipment 2. GRAY MEs that should be monitored in case of faults 3. BLACK Unauthorized Mobile equipment
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Mobile operators used EIR information location of reported stolen MS and block it
the
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GSM SYSTEM
WIRELESS COVERAGE STRUCTURE
GSM Service Area PLMN Service Area MSC Service Area
Location Area
Cell
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GSM SYSTEM
ZXG-10 BSS ARCHITECTURE
Um Interface Abis Interface Q3 Interface
BTS
B I E B I E OMC-R
MS BSC
BTS
SM
SM
TC
MSC
BS Interface Ater Interface TC: TransCoder SM: SubMultiplexing BIE: Base station Interface Equipment
A Interface
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GSM SYSTEM
BASE TRANCEIVER STATION (BTS)
Radio transmission part of the Base Station Subsystem Controlled by the Base Station Controller Holds cell radio tranceiver equipment Handles conversation between BSC and radio channels Performs radio transmission and control function between BTS and MS via Um interface
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GSM SYSTEM
BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)
Performs the switching function of BSS
Network Connections
Several BTSs MSC (if Transcoder is included in BSC) OMC-R
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GSM SYSTEM
BSC FUNCTIONS
1. Manages radio network and resources 2. Supervises and manages BTSs 3. Controls the establishment, connection disconnection of radio links in MS and BTS 4. Handover 5. Paging of Mobile Stations 6. Operations and Maintenance functions
and
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GSM SYSTEM
TRANSCODER (TC)
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OAM
CM MM
RR
TRANSMISSION
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BTS
BSC
MSC
CM MM BSSMAP
MTP3
LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD MTP2 Radio Carrier Um E1/ T1 Abis
E1/ T1
A
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LAYER 3 Application layer which mainly includes BSS application part (BSSAP)
This layer maintains and manages the resources and the connections in BSS as well as controls both the connection and the disconnection of service.
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The Abis interface complies with the requirements in 08.5X series of GSM standards.
Layer 1 -Physical layer, usually adopts the 2Mbit/sPCM link in accordance with the specifications stipulated in ITU-T G.703 and G.704
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SAPI
TEI
N(S)
N(R)
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Flag Address Frame check sequence Service access point identifier Terminal equipment identifier Sending frame No. Receiving frame No.
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LAYER 3 - The upper layer part, transmits the application part of BTS, including the radio link management (RLM) function and the operation and maintenance function.
Through the Abis interface, BSC provides such signaling control information as BTS configuration, BTS monitoring, BTS testing, and service control.
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SAPI
N(S)
N(R)
SAPI 0 : Signaling Application SAPI 3: Short Message Application ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn
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FREQUENCY CONCEPTS
GSM WIRELESS OPERATING BANDS
SYSTEM
Frequencies - Uplink - Downlink Wavelength Bandwidth Duplex Distance Carrier Separation Radio Channels
P-GSM 900
890 - 915 MHz 935 - 960 MHz ~33 cm 25 MHz 45 MHz 200 kHz 125
E-GSM 900
880 - 915 MHz 925 - 960 MHz ~33 cm 35 MHz 45 MHz 200 kHz 175
GSM 1800
1710 - 1785 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz ~17 cm 75 MHz 95 MHz 200 kHz 375
GSM 1900
1850 - 1910 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz ~16 cm 60 MHz 80 MHz 200 kHz 300
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FREQUENCY CONCEPTS
TIME SLOT IN TIME-DOMAIN AND FREQUENCYDOMAIN
Frequency
200 kHz
1
BP
Timeslot
15/26 ms
Interval
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Control Channels
Traffic Channels
Broadcast Channels
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1. Broadcast Channel (BCH) 2. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) 3. Common Control Channel (CCCH)
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fi
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Multiframe
Channel 0 Channel 1
Channel 7
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Configuration
TCHFull TCHHalf TCHHalf2 MainBCCH BCCHCombined BCH SDCCH BCCHwithCBCH SDCCHwithCBCH
Combination
TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/TF TCH/H)+FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH TCH/H + FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH+ TCH/H FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4+ SACCH/C4 BCCH + CCCH SDCCH/8+ SACCH/C8 FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+ SDCCH/4+ SACCH/C4 + CBCH SDCCH/8+SACCH/C8+CBCH
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R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R (c) FCCH+SCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4(0,...,3)+SACCH/C4(0,...,3)
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Large-size cell with 12 TRXs 1 TN0 group: FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH; 1 TN2 group, 1 TN4 group and 1 TN6 group: BCCH+CCCH; 5 SDCCH/8(0,_,7)+SACCH/C8(0,_,7); 87 TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF
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BURST FORMATTING
TYPES OF BURST (1)
BURST the information contained in one TS of TDMA frame over the air interface
5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF BURST 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Normal Burst Frequency Correction Burst Synchronization Burst Access Burst Dummy Burst
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Training Sequence 26
Training Sequence 64
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BURST FORMATTING
TYPES OF BURST (2)
1. NB (Normal Burst): used for traffic channel and control channels except for RACH, SCH, FCCH.
2. AB (Access Burst): Transmitted on RACH channel and used as access request made by MS to BTS. AB is the sole short BP sequence defined by GSM protocol.
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BURST FORMATTING
TYPES OF BURST (3)
3. SB (Synchronization Burst): Transmitted on SCH channel and used for initial synchronization seizing by MS.
4. FB (Frequency Correction Burst) : Used for carrier frequency correction of MS.
5. DB (Dummy Burst): Has the same format with NB, mainly used for bit filling
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TSC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ZTE University
Hexadecimal
970897 B778B7 10EE90E 11ED11E 6B906B 13AC13A 29F629F 3BC4BBC
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TRAFFIC
Traffic refers to the numbers of subscribers the network can support and is usually described as follows:
A= nT/3600 where, n- calls made by a subscriber within an hour T- average duration of each call(in seconds) A - Traffic, in Erlang
Problem: If one call is made by a subscriber within an hour and last 120 seconds, the traffic is calculated as: =1120/3600=33mErl For convenience of engineering calculation, the traffic is usually defined as 25mErl per subscriber.
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0.020 0.22 1.09 1.66 5.08 13.18 16.63 31.00 59.13 87.97
Erlang B GoS Capacity 0.050 0.001 0.38 0.05 1.52 0.44 2.22 0.76 6.22 3.09 15.25 9.41 19.03 12.24 34.60 24.44 64.67 49.24 95.24 75.24
0.002 0.07 0.54 0.90 3.43 10.07 13.01 25.60 50.98 77.47
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1 1 7 2.94
2 2 14 8.20
3 2 22 14.90
4 2 30 21.93
5 3 37 28.25
6 3 45 35.61
7 3 53 43.06
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
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Analog to Digital Conversion Segmentation Speech Encoding Channel Encoding Channel Interleaving Ciphering Burst formatting Modulation and Transmission
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CHANNEL ENCODING
Chanel encoding in GSM uses the 260 bits from speech coding as an input and outputs 456 encoded bits. - Special redundancy technologies adopted to increase the bulk of transmitted information which can be inserted at a certain pattern (encoding) at the sending end and extracted at an agreed pattern (decoding) at the receiving end in order to enhance the anti-interference capacity and transmission - Commonly used channel coding methods are: 1) convolutional coding; 2) Fire coding; 3) parity check coding.
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CHANNEL ENCODING
CONVOLUTIONL CODING
50 bit (Ia) 260 bits / 20ms 132 bit (Ib) 78 bit (Ic)
50
132
4 Protection bits
78
136 bit
78 bit
378 bit
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CHANNEL INTERLEAVING
Interleaving technique is adopted, by which the continuous bits in an information block are segmented and transmitted individually according to certain rules.
The original continuous block in the transmission process becomes discontinuous, forming a group of interwoven message transmitting blocks, which are to be recovered (de-interleaving) into the original information blocks at the receiving end.
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CHANNEL INTERLEAVING
Block A
456 bit
Block B
456 bit
Block A+1
456 bit
Block B+1
456 bit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Odd N+4
57
Even N
57
Even N+3
57
57
57
57
116-bit block
116-bit block
116-bit block
116-bit block
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MODULATION
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DISCONTINUOUS TRANSMISSION
DTX
Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode. 1) Lower the total interference level in the air 2) Save transmitter power. The DTX mode and the normal mode are optional, since the former will slightly lower the transmission quality.
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TIMING ADVANCE
TA
Signals sent by a base station on the broadcasting channel help mobile stations to synchronize with the base station. After connection is set up between a mobile station and the base station, the base station will make continuous tests, and provide the time advance (TA) on the SACCH channel to all mobile stations twice every second according to the BS-MS-BS broadcasting delay. Mobile stations will make self-adaptive frame adjustment according to time advance so that the time of mobile station transmission to the base station matches that of base station reception.
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