CHAPTER 7

HEAT

HEAT

HEAT IS A FORM OF ENERGY

Heat is an energy that causes objects to become hot The main sources of heat is the sun. Heat is a very important form of energy because every living thing needs heat to keep its body warm. Without heat, all living things will not be able to survive. Heat is very useful in our daily life.

HEAT IN OUR DAILY LIFE

To keep body warm

Drying agriculture product

Cooking food

Boiling water

HEAT
Drying hair Drying clothes

WAYS TO PRODUCE HEAT

Through friction

Rubbing hands together rapidly

Rubbing hands will produce friction, the friction will produce heat. Energy changes

Kinetic energy

Heat energy

Through combustion

Hand feels the heat

Burning candle

Through electricity

Use electrical supply

Heat to iron the clothes

HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

HEAT

Heat is hotness of an object.

Heat is measured in unit Joules (J).

Heat energy is also called thermal energy.

HEAT

TEMPERATURE

Temperature is the degree of hotness.

Temperature measured in unit Kelvins (K) or degree celsius (oC)

TEMPERATURE

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

HEAT DIFFERENCES TEMPERATURE

Amount of energy that warms an object Joule (J)

definition

Measurement of the degree of hotness or coldness of an object -Kelvin (K) -Celcius (oC)

SI Units

Heat flows from hot area to cold area

characteristics

Increases when heated and decreases when heat is removed Does not depend on amount of matter

Increases with matter

Relationship with amount of matter

HEAT FLOW AND ITS EFFECTS

Heat flows from the hotter object to the colder object

Heat give an effect on matter (jirim) 3 condition of matter

Solids Liquids

Gases

Heat will cause solids, liquids and gases to expand or contract.

SOLIDS

Place the metal ball on the metal ring.

After the metal ball heated by bunsen burner, the metal ball cannot pass through the ring.
From this experiment it show that heat causes solids to expand.

Then, place the metal ball into the cold water.

After place the metal ball into the cold water, the metal ball can pass through the ring again. From this experiment it show that heat causes solids to contract. .

LIQUIDS

Put the flat-bottomed flask into the hot water.

Colouredwater

Level of coloured-water increase

Put the flat-bottomed flask into the cold water.

Level of coloured-water decrease

From this experiment it show that heat causes liquids to expand and contract.

GASES

Put bottle with air in it into the hot water.

Ballon expand when bottle is put into the hot water

Ballon contract when bottle is put into the cold water.

From this experiment it show that heat causes gases to expand and contract.
On expansion, the volume of a substance increases and on contraction the volume of a substance decreases.

HEAT FLOW

HEAT FLOW

Heat can flow from one place to another.

It can flow in three different ways

Conduction (konduksi) Radiation (sinaran)

Convection (perolakan)

Conduction is the flow of heat through solids. Convection is the flow of heat through liquids or gases. Radiation is the flow of heat through vaccum.

CONDUCTION

Conduction is the flow of heat through solids.

Heat the free end of the iron rod using a bunsen burner. From the observation, thumbtack E will fall down first and followed by D, C, B and A. We observe that heat flows from a hotter place to a cooler place.

CONVECTION

Convection is the flow of heat through liquids or gases. Liquids

We can see that the hotter water at the bottom rises to the top carrying heat energy The colder water at the top flows to the bottom to replace the heated water.

Gases The same movement can be observed for the air.

The movement of the hot and cold water or air forms a convection current

RADIATION

Radiation is the flow of heat through vaccum.

TEMPERATURE INCREASING

NO AIR INSIDE

From this experiment, we can see that heat also can flow from hotter place to cooler place through vaccum.

NATURAL PHENOMENA
INVOLVING HEAT FLOW

SEA BREEZE

During day time, the land warms up more quickly than the sea. Therefore, the hot air which is less dense rises up. The denser cool air from the surface of the sea drawn in to replace the hot air.

LAND BREEZE

During the night time, land loses heat faster than the sea. The hot air of the sea rises up. The denser cool air flows in the direction of the sea to replace the hot air.

THE WARMING OF THE EARTH BY THE SUN.

RADIATION

The heat of the sun pass through space and reaches the earth without any medium (vaccum) Part of the radiant heat is reflected back by the atmosphere. Part of the radiant heat is absorbed by the earth.

KEEPING BUILDING COOL

HOT AIR

COOL AIR

Convection current are used to ventilate buildings. Hot air flows out from the building and cool air flows in to replace the hot air

THE EFFECTS OF HEAT ON MATTER

THE EFFECT OF HEATING

GAS SOLID

LIQUID What happen to the particles?

The solid particles absorb heat energy and vibrate faster in their position. When they absorbed enough energy, they will move freely from their positions to form a liquid.

The liquid particles absorb heat energy and move faster. They also become far apart When they have enough heat energy, they will move very fast at random to form a gas.

MELTING

BOILING

THE EFFECT OF COOLING

LIQUID GAS

Steam/ water vapour

Put in refrigerator SOLID

The gas particles release heat energy to their surroundings. They move slower and closer until they form a liquid.

The liquid particles release heat energy to surroundings. They move slower and closer until they form a solid.

CONDENSATION

FREEZING

Evaporation

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BOILING AND

EVAPORATION

APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF MATTER

The principle of expansion and contraction is commonly applied in daily life.

MERCURY IN A THERMOMETER

Mercury is a good heat conductor. It expands rapidly even when it absorbs only a little heat. When temperature of the surroundings rises, the mercury in the bulb absorb heat and expands. When the temperature drops, the mercury releases heat and contracts.

BIMETALLIC STRIP IN A FIRE ALARM

Bimetallic strip will acts as a switch The circuit of fire alarm system is design in such way that it is not complete the bimetallic strip in circuit not touching the contact screw. When there is a fire, bimetallic strip is heated and brass bar will expand more than iron bar. The bimetallic strip bends and touch the contact screw The circuit will complete and the fire alarm will ringing.

GAPS IN RAILWAY TRACKS

The purpose of having the gaps is to allow the tracks to expand during very hot weather.

ROLLERS OF STEEL BRIDGES

To allow movement when steel bridge expands or contracts. One end fixed and the other end is free to move

THE USE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF MATTER IN SOLVING SIMPLE PROBLEMS
Opening the tight cap The cap can be removed easily by dipping it into hot water for a few minutes. This is because the cap expands when it is heated by the hot water and became loose.

ABSORPTION AND RELEASE OF HEAT

Absorb more heat

Release more heat

Different surfaces absorb and give out heat at different rates.

ABSORPTION OF HEAT
A dark and dull surface absorb and gives out heat better than a white and shiny surface. An object that absorb heat easily is called a good heat absorber. An object that gives out heat easily is called a good radiator

EXPERIMENT

Beverage cans

Which can will show greater increase in temperature?

Can with dark and dull surface

Which surface will absorb and give out heat better?

Dark and dull surface

Which can will show a greater drop in temperature?

Can with white and shiny surface

Which surface release heat better?

White and shiny surface

APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF SURFACES IN

DAILY LIFE

Why our school clothes white in colour??

White clothes keep us cool as they absorb less heat from the sun

Why many business buildings have shiny glass walls??

Shiny glass walls used to reflect heat radiation from the sun. so, the inside of buildings is kept cool.

Why the radiator of a car painted in black colour??

To help it to give out heat faster

Radiator

Why most of our cooking utensil paint in black??

To help it absorb and give out heat faster for cooking