EE3B1 Analogue Electronics

Dr. T. Collins
T.Collins@bham.ac.uk
http://www.eee.bham.ac.uk/collinst/ee3b1


EE3B1 Structure
Content Delivery
18 Lectures (Mondays 12-1, Tuesdays 11-12)
5 Tutorial Sessions (Odd Mondays 4-5)
+ revision sessions
Online Material
Tutorial Problems
PowerPoint slides
Circuit analysis walkthroughs
Frequently Asked Questions

Analogue Electronics ? Who Cares ?
D.S.P. Filter
R.F. Pre-
Amplifier
Power
Amplifier
Even digital systems usually rely on analogue
electronics in some way. E.g. A digital radio:
Analogue Essentials

Low noise, radio frequency amplifier.
Anti-aliasing filter.
Power amplification.

i.e. The module syllabus.
Power Amplifiers
Common-emitter amplifiers and
operational amplifiers require high
impedance loads.
To drive low impedance loads, a power
output stage is required.
Designs vary in complexity, linearity and
efficiency.
Power dissipation and thermal effects
must be considered.
Low Noise and R.F. Amplifiers
Pre-amplifier stages are the most prone to
noise as the signal level is so low.
Careful design minimises interference.

Common-emitter amplifiers can have a
disappointingly low upper cut-off frequency.
Steps can be taken to extend an amplifiers
bandwidth.
Active Filters
Passive filter designs consist of a ladder of
capacitors and inductors.
Inductors are bulky, expensive and imperfect
components especially when low values are
required.
Using operational amplifier designs, inductors
can be replaced using a variety of synthesis
and simulation techniques.
Recap : Common-Emitter Amplifier
( )
V 5 . 12 15 15
mA 1 . 0
15
V 5 . 0
0
0 Assume
= ~ =
=

=
~
=
~
C E C C C
E
E
E
E
B
B
R I R I V
R
V
I
V
V
I
Quiescent Conditions
Biasing
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
2
4
6
8
10
0.586 0.590 0.594 0.598
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
0.12
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r

C
u
r
r
e
n
t
,

[
m
A
]

Base-Emitter Voltage [V] Base-Emitter Voltage [V]
V
BE
I
C
v
be
i
c
Slope = g
m
(

=
T
BE
S C
V
V
I I exp
Small Signal Operation
As v
in
changes, the base-emitter
voltage follows, i.e. v
in
= v
be
.
As v
be
changes, the collector
current follows, i
c
= g
m
.v
be
.
As i
c
changes, the voltage across
R
c
follows (Ohms law).

Gain therefore depends on the
relationships between v
be
& i
c
and
i
c
& v
out
.
Mutual Conductance, gm
Mutual conductance, g
m
, is simply the slope
of the I
C
-V
BE
curve.
It is not a physical conductance, just the ratio
between current and voltage changes.
Since the I
C
-V
BE
curve is not a straight line,
g
m
changes with bias current.

T
C
T
BE
T
S
T
BE
S
BE BE
C
be
c
m
V
I
V
V
V
I
V
V
I
V V
I
v
i
g =
(

=
(

= = = exp exp
d
d
d
d
Voltage Gain
( )
100
25
0.1
k. 25
15
d
d
d
d
= = = =
= = =
= =
m C
in
c
c
out
in
out
C C C
C C
out
c
out
m
be
c
in
c
g R
v
i
i
v
v
v
R R I
I I
V
i
v
g
v
i
v
i
Equivalent Circuit
C out
e B m B in
m in
B
in c
B
in
b RB in
in
in
in
R r
r R g R r
g v
R
v i
R
v
i i i
i
v
r
=
= =
+ = + = + =
=
| |
| |
|| / ||
Loaded Common-Emitter Amplifier
( )
L C m
in
out
R R g
v
v
|| =
i.e. Low load impedance low gain or high g
m
.
But, high g
m
low r
e
low r
in
.
Common-Emitter Limitations
It is often not possible to meet a specification
using a single amplifier stage
High voltage gain AND high current gain can
be incompatible
Solution: Multi-stage amplifiers using:
Differential amplifiers for input
Common-emitter amplifier for voltage gain
Power amplifier for current gain
Example An Operational Amplifier
+
-
Differential
Amp
Voltage
Amp
Power
Amp
Review Topics
Focus on review of 1
st
and 2
nd
year material.
In particular
Common-Emitter Amplifier
Small signal analysis
Mutual Conductance
Emitter resistance
etc.