Regulation of Urine Volume and Concentration

Is already diluted ; hypo-osmolar (compared to plasma osmolarity). Urine is 100 mOsm while plasma (and also glomerular filtrate) is 300 mOsm - Depends on our water-bodily needs - Water is needed reabsorption occur produce highly concentrated urine - Water is not needed let go into renal pelvis produce more diluted urine - But how to produce the already diluted (hypo-osmolar) urine? Through the countercurrent mechanism

?? Hypoosmolar urine

- The countercurrent mechanism establish an osmotic gradient extending from cortex to medulla - With this organization the:

Thru c/current mechanism

a)

b) Create osmotic gradient

Concentration of urine that are formed are readily hypoosmolar/diluted and Blood osmolarity is maintained at 300 mOsm in and out renal

How does the osmotic gradient is achieved ???

thru the Countercurrent Multiplier & Exchanger

- Countercurrent mechanism contributes the interaction between: 1) Countercurrent multiplier tubular component-loop of Henle 2) Countercurrent exchanger vascular component-vasa recta - The term countercurrent means something flows opposite directions through adjacent channels

The Countercurrent Multiplier

Fn: Establish osmotic gradient

1)Descending loop > permeable to water, < permeable to NaCl 2)Ascending limb >permeable to NaCl but not to water 3)Collecting duct permeable to urea, contribute to gradient concentration

The Countercurrent Exchanger

Fn: Maintain osmotic gradient - Flow is sluggish (slow) to make passive exchanges of water & NaCl with surrounding ISF thus made equilibrium

Formation of diluted or concentrated urine..??? by ADH

Diluted urine

Concentrated urine

Urine and Urination (Micturition)

Composition of urine - water, urea, chloride, potassium, sodium, creatinine, phosphates, sulfates and uric acid Physical properties of urine - pH from 5.0-8.0, slightly acidic (eat meat pH 5-6, vegetarian pH 7-8) - Translucent (clear not cloudy) changed color by substances like antibiotic, blood

- Specific gravity: 1.00-1.035 (compare to distilled water)

- Aroma : unpleasant odor ; stale urine produce harsh, stale smell

Urination (Micturition)
- Is the emptying of the urinary bladder.
- Governed by micturition reflex, but is also under voluntary control

Volume reached 250 400 mL will stimulate stretch receptors

send

Afferent input to spinal cord stimulates parasympathetic output to cause muscular wall to contract Internal sphincter opens allowing bladder emptying urine is released out of body - but, emptying of bladder can be postpone voluntarily at individual convenience external sphincter - 500-600 mL emptying irresistible whether one wills or not