Virology

Pathogenesis
Adenovirus
Adenoviruses are named after adenoids, a gland-like collection of lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx. They establish a long-term infection in this tissue. Two genera : Mastadenovirus :- Infect Mamals : Aviadenovirus :- Infect -------- Fifty-one human adenoviruses have been distinguished on the basis of serological reactivity Diseases: Enteritis, Respiratory infection in children, Bronchitis etc.

 Pathogenesis:
Adenoviruses primarily infect host epithelial tissues in the lungs and enteric organs Many infections by adenoviruses appear to be asymptomatic, but about 5% of acute respiratory disease in children under 5 years old is due to adenovirus infection.

 When an adenovirus enters its host, it will typically replicate in the epithelial cells that line the lungs or other enteric organs. After several replication cycles, the virus will being to inhibit host macromolecular synthesis and transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm. These cellular disturbances will kill host cells and can begin to cause disease symptoms, such as respiratory stress in their host.

 Adenoviruses interfere with host antiviral defences in multiple ways E1A inhibits the activation of interferon response genes by inhibiting the activity of cellular transcription factor VA RNA prevents the activation of a protein kinase called PKR, which is one of the major effector products of the interferon pathway Adenoviruses also inhibit the lysis of infected cells by Cytotoxic lymphocytes, CTLs Ad12 E1A protein blocks the transcription of the genes for class I MHC molecules, Ad2 or Ad5 E3 19-kDa protein prevents the export of class I MHC molecules to the cell surface. Because adenoviruses block the antiviral defenses of the host, they have the ability to persist in the infected host for considerable periods of time. Virus may be present in tonsils and adenoids and may be shed in the stools for a year or more following primary infection

 Adenovirus Oncogenes
Two early genes of adenovirus, E1A and E1B, encode proteins that induce the cell to enter S phase, in which cellular DNA is replicated. They forms complex with retinoblastoma susceptibility proteins (Rb) a tumor suppressing protein, helping the host cell to arrest G1 phase and enter into S phase The E1B 55kDa protein also targets a tumor suppressor protein called p53

Pathogenesis Poxvirus
The poxviruses are a very large family of dsDNAcontaining viruses that infect mammals, birds, and insects. Eleven genera are recognized, eight of which infect vertebrates and three of which infect invertebrates. Only two human poxviruses are known, Variola or Smallpox virus (Orthopox genus) and Molluscum Contagiosum Virus (Molluscipox genus).

 Variola viruses are transmitted aerogenically. The mucosa of the upper respiratory tract provides the portal of entry. The incubation period lasts approximately 12 to 14 days. From there, the pathogens enter the lymphoid organs and begins to multiply Finally, the virus re-enters the blood in leukocytes, producing fever and toxemia, and then spreads to the skin, intestines, lungs, kidneys, and brain It is followed by onset of high fever severe headache, backache, pain in the limbs and abdomen The virus activity in the skin cells creates a rash that starts as macules (red flat lesion) on forehead slowly spread all over the face and other body parts. After this pustule appears Lethality rates in cases of smallpox (variola major) were as high as 40 %.

Pathogenesis Hepatitis virus

Hapatitis belongs to FAMILY HEPADNAVIRIDAE Hehepadnaviruses have RT and replicate via an RNA-to-DNA step. Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Hepatitis D virus, Hepatitis E virus,

 Hepatitis A virus enters the body by ingestion and intestinal infection. The virus then spreads, probably by the bloodstream, to the liver, a target organ. Large numbers of virus particles are detectable in feces during the incubation period, beginning as early as 1014 days after exposure and continuing.

 HBV: The incubation period of hepatitis B is variable with a range of 1 to 6 months. Hepatitis B virus primarily interferes with the functions of the liver by replicating in liver cells During the early genes inactivate CLTs

Orthomyxovirus
The family Orthomyxoviridae (ortho = normal or correct) contains the genera Influenzavirus A, B,C and Togoto like virus

 Hepatitis virus, Poxvirus and Orthomyxovirus, pathogenesis of plant [TMV] and insect viruses [NPV].