A SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON

Self Healing Materials

By: AYUSH SINGHAL (1116140024) B.tech-IIIrd Year MECHANICAL ENGG. KEC, GHAZIABAD

ORGANISATION OF THE PRESENTATION

INTRODUCTION CONVENTIONAL REPAIRING METHODS MATERIALS PERFORMANCE BIOLOGICAL MIMICKING METHODS TO ACHIEVE SELF HEALING SYSTEMS BASED ON TYPE OF STIMULUS

MICROCAPSULE EMBEDMENT
HOLLOW FIBRE EMBEDMENT MICROVASCULAR NETWORKS FUTURE SCOPE OF SHM

INTRODUCTION
Materials are susceptible to damage induced by chemical, mechanical ,thermal , UV radiation (or combination)

Repair location remains the weakest point in the material and thus the favorable site for future damage to occur
SELF HEALING is defined as the ability of a material to heal (recover/repair) damages automatically and autonomously, that is ,without any external intervention. The idea of making such materials is arised from the biological system which have the ability to heal after being wounded (for example- healing of the damaged trunk or branch of a tree).

CONVENTIONAL REPAIR METHODS

Hot plate welding Polymer pieces are brought together
into contact above the glass transition temperature and is maintained for inter diffusion across the crack face occurs

which restores strength.

Resin Injection In laminate composites, resin injection is employed to repair damage. Reinforcing Patch Fibre breakage can be repaired by reinforcing patch to restore strength to the material and can
.

be used with resin injection more strength .

DRAWBACKS
Repairing is time taking process.

Location of the weld remains the weakest point in the

material and thus the site for future damage to occur. Protecting coating can be damaged during repair. Access to damage site. Initiated only after failure.

MATERIALS PERFORMANCE

Traditional materials only accumulate damage and fail after a certain

period of use. Classically improved traditional materials the mechanism remains the same and the improvement is rather marginal. Self healing materials may show some early deterioration, yet its self healing character makes sure that total failure only occurs after very long times.

BIOLOGICAL MIMICKING

Figure 1: Comparison of Synthetic an Biological Healing

METHODS TO ACHIEVE SELF HEALING

There are two methods to achieve self-healing Healing Agents present and is activated by an external or internal trigger, if required[4] and called as Intrinsic self-healing.

Healing Agents are transported to the position where

required through cracks or some capillary network[4], extrinsic self-healing.

SYSTEMS BASED ON TYPE OF STIMULUS

Mechanical Stimulus Hollow Glass Fibers (HGFs) Microencapsulated Healing agents Micro vascular Networks Thermal Stimulus Diels Alders Polymer Solid State Embedded Particles Electrical Stimulus Carbon Fiber Composites Shape Memory Alloys Organometallic Polymers Electromagnetic Stimulus Magnetic Particles Photo Stimulus Reversible Photo cyclization

MICROCAPSULE EMBEDMENT

Fig.2 (i) Crack formation in the matrix; (ii) rupture, release of liq HA (iii) HA polymerization with embedded catalyst, bonding crack closed (iv) typical SEM image of the UF microcapsules containing DCPD prepared by emulsion in situ microencapsulation, [7].

FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING MICROENCAPSULE BASED SELF HEALING MATERIAL

Microsphere Healing agent must be inert to the polymer shell Longer self life of the capsule Weak shell wall to enhance rupture Nearness to the catalyst Strong interfacial attraction between polymer matrix and capsule shell to avoid voids.

Monomer
Low viscous monomer to flow to the crack upon capillary action Less volatility to allow sufficient time for polymerisation

CONTD..
Polymerisation
Should be fast Room temperature polymerisation Stress relaxation No cure induced shrinkage Catalyst
Dissolve in monomer No accumulation of mass inside the polymer matrix

Healing

Must be faster Multiple

DISADVANTAGE:
Uncertainty in achieving complete and/ or multiple

healing as it is not known when the healing agent will be consumed entirely.

HOLLOW FIBER EMBEDMENT

Fig. 3 Schematic representation of self-healing concept using hollow fibers.

PARAMETERS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF HGF

Dimensions of glass fiber (wall thickness, diameter ,fiber hollowness) and viscosity of repair agent should be considered Glass fiber must have ability to withstand composites manufacturing process without breakage, while still possesing the ability to rupture during damage. Glass fibers of large diameter (30 to 60m) showed increased compressive strength and also provided larger volume of healing agent to be stored in the composite Method by which the fibre is to be filled. For example, involving capillary action that is assisted by vacuum

Composition:
For structural enhancement in composite material glass and carbon fibers Healing agent used to fill glass fibre one part adhesive (cyanoacrylate) or two part epoxy-system containing both a resin and a hardener.

Advantages:
Higher volume of healing agent is available to repair damage Different activation methods/types of resins can be used Visual inspection of the damaged site is feasible Can restore upto 97% of its initial strength Hollow fibres are easy to tailored in the materials Improved mechanical properties

DISADVANTAGES:
Fibres must be broken to release the healing agent

Low-viscosity resin must be used to facilitate fibre infiltration Multistep fabrication is required Poor performance under impact loading Sometimes blockage of the path for the flow of healing material

MICROVASCULAR NETWORKS

Fig. 4 Schematic showing self-healing materials with 3D microvascular networks. (a) Schematic diagram of a capillary network in the dermis layer of skin with a cut in the epidermis layer. (b) Schematic diagram of the self-healing structure composed of a microvascular substrate and a brittle epoxy coating containing embedded catalyst in a four-point bending configuration monitored with an acoustic-emission sensor.

PARAMETERS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF MICROVASCULAR NETWORKS

Mechanical properties and potential modes of failure of the system should be addressed Leakage of the supply vessel, blockage or constriction of the vessel due to cured healing agent should be considered Failure of the small vessels to rupture and initiate the bleeding mechanism should be addressed Degradation of healing components and failure of the healing agent to cure properly should be addressed

ADVANTAGES

OF MICROVASCULAR SYSTEM

Since every location has multiple connection points which results in increased reliability with reference to channel blockage. Larger accessible reservoir for the healing agent Multiple connections between channels also allow for easier refilling of the network after depletion. Multiple damage healing cycles can be attained without sacrifice to healing efficiency or structural integrity. Healing for up to seven cycles is possible.

DISADVANTAGES:

Once all of the catalyst has been used healing will no longer occur, even with a continuous supply of monomer. Fabrication process is complex and it is very difficult to achieve synthetic materials with such networks for

practical applications.

FUTURE SCOPE OF SHM

In places that are difficult to access to perform (expensive) repairs, such as at high altitude (high buildings, wind turbines at sea), underground (piping) or under the water surface (cables and piping). Applications where reliability and safety are key issues, even during overload or unforeseen circumstances: airplanes, spacecrafts or long-term storage of nuclear waste Applications where large repairs result in a lot of inconvenience in society, such as repairs of roads and in energy supply Structures which have to last very long(several decades), such as in large infrastructural applications as dams and tunnels.